Drinking Age

Kaitlyn Turner Fall 2010 CA 110 Mr. Foutz Introduction Attention-Getter: How many of you are 18? For those of you who are, 18 years old you are considered adults in nearly all aspects of the law, including voting rights and the ability to join the military, yet the United States still treats you as minors when it comes to drinking. Establishment of Credibility: According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 7,000 teenagers under the age of 16 have already had their first sip of alcohol. Teen alcohol) According to the Century Council 10 million teens from the ages 12-20 admit to consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. 2% of 12 year olds drink, 22% of 16 years olds drink, and 56% of 20 year olds drink, and these percentages are steadily increasing. (Underage drinking statistics) Thesis/ Purpose: During my speech today, I will talk about how alcohol is ever-present in today’s American society. I will also talk about how alcohol is present all around people under 21 who ar e not allowed to consume it, but in reality most people under 21 drink alcohol and abuse alcohol.Throughout this speech I will try to persuade you to believe that the United States should lower their drinking age to 18, and begin educating teens on consuming alcohol responsibly. Preview of Main Points: First, I will discuss the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries. Then, I will discuss the effects that the current legal drinking age has on America. Finally, I will talk about the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. ,, Body Main Idea 1: (Transition) Now, I am going to tell you about the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries.A. United States 1. According to Alcohol Problems and Solutions legal drinking age in the United States is 21. i. Alcohol Problems and Solutions states, â€Å"The minimum drinking age of 21 in the U. S. appears to be not only ineffective but actually counter-productive. Although it was passed wit h the best of intentions, it has had some of the worst of outcomes. † 2. Legal drinking ages in the United States are under control of the states, which means the states get to decide how old they want their residents to be before being able to consume alcohol. . National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 ii. According to the Alcohol Policy Information System the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 required that states prohibit persons under the age of 21 from purchasing or publicly possessing alcohol beverages as a condition of receiving State highway funds. B. In Other Countries a. According to Alcohol Problems and Solutions countries legal drinking ages vary from zero-21. i. Some countries with no drinking age Jamaica, Viet Nam, and Morocco. ii.Some countries with a 16 year old legal drinking age are Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, and Spain. iii. Some countries with an 18 year old legal drinking age are Belize, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Ireland, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (Transition): Now that I have told you about the current legal drinking age in the United States and other countries, I will discuss the effects of the current drinking age. Main Idea 2: The United States legal drinking age of 21, has many negative effects on those who are under age. A.Alcohol is considered a, â€Å"Forbidden Fruit†. Alcohol is considered a forbidden fruit because prohibition increases the harm that it is supposed to reduce. a. Because the United States as such a high drinking age, teenagers are driven â€Å"underground† to drink alcohol. i. According to Parade. com Since teenagers are not allowed to drink openly in public, teens take their drinking to dorm rooms, isolated areas, or at unsupervised house parties. At these gatherings teens usually binge drink, because they are scared their party may be stopped. (Flynn) ii.Also according to Parade. com when teens come about a problem, such as someone drinking too much alco hol at these parties, or assaults, they are less likely to call for help because they are scared of getting in trouble. (Flynn) B. High Rates of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction b. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention binge drinking plays a huge part in Alcohol Abuse. Binge drinking is excessive drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration to . 08 percent or above. iii. Men – 5 drinks in two hours. iv. Women – 4 drinks in two hours. v.About 90% of the alcohol consumed by youth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinks. Main Idea 3 (Transition): Now that I have told you some of the negative effects of underage drinking, I will tell you about the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. A. Potential Benefits of a Lower Drinking Age a. Young people will learn to drink alcohol more responsibly. i. According to the group Choose Responsibility, if the drinking age is lowered to 18, everyone will be requ ired to take an alcohol education class before they turn 18 to inform them on the dangers of alcohol. . Would lead to less alcohol abuse and addiction ii. Since alcohol would no longer be considered a forbidden fruit, teens could drink in more open environments such as social events and bars where their consumption could be monitored. iii. Some teens may also feel as if they have a more freedom; therefore, they would make more responsible decisions when it comes to consuming alcohol. Conclusion Signal the End: Today I have hopefully persuaded you to believe that the United States should lower their legal drinking age.Review of Main Points: I have told you about the United States and other countries legal drinking ages. What the current legal drinking age does to American teens. Also, the potential benefits of a lower drinking age. Closing: Now that I have told you reasons to lower the drinking age I hope you agree that by lowering the drinking age, the United States can begin to rai se more responsible drinkers, who will not be as prone to alcohol abuse or addiction as today’s Americans are.Works Cited â€Å"15 Reasons Why Drinking Age Should be 18. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. Alcohol Policy Information System. â€Å"The National Minimum Drinking Age Policy of 1984. † Web. 29 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Binge Drinking. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Choose Responsibility. † 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. Flynn, Sean. â€Å"Should the Drinking Age be lowered? † Parade. 2007. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Minimum Legal Drinking Ages around the World . † 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Teen Alcohol† 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. â€Å"Underage Drinking Statistics. † 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010.

Isolated figures denied Essay

‘Isolated figures denied the fulfilment they crave by forces that appears to conspire against them’. To what extent is this true of the characters’ lives from your understanding of The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion? This short story is based on two love triangles, at the apex of both being Phyllis, a secluded young woman who lives alone with her father, a failed doctor in an isolated farmhouse outside Weymouth. It is described as an â€Å"obscure island nook† which encapsulates the fact that there was no fresh work for the failed doctor, Phyllis’ father. One day Richard Gould, a failed businessman, turns up at her door and after a short courtship asks for her hand in marriage. The father immediately accepts this offer as he gets the impression that Gould is of higher social status than him and as the sole benefactor he would profit from their marriage. However, his intentions were well made and although convenient, Gould’s act had forced her father into a mistaken calculation. In his pursuit of illusions, he misses several points, such as the fact he had made her father’s acquaintance before he made hers, giving the impression that he was looking in desperation for a bride. Despite of first impressions, Gould is, in fact, â€Å"poor as a crow† but he gives an impression of having class status. The marriage arrangements were not based on love but were simply a convenience, which results in it being for material security rather than a romantic affair. Gould is then forced to leave to for Bath, an excuse about his father covering up his â€Å"pecuniary condition† leaving Phyllis bemused. The date of his return passed and winter arrived. This change of season is a metaphor, which represents the colour of Phyllis’ mood, described now as â€Å"lonely in the extreme† as she had no knowledge of why her husband to be had delayed his return. The change back to spring represents a change in Phyllis’ fortunes. Although Gould had kept in contact with her through â€Å"regular yet formal† letters, there was still an uncertainty in her condition. Phyllis’ loyalty however did not waver, which is meant to represent the passivity of women at that time in a male-dominated society. At this change, however, a new influence invades her life, which â€Å"charged all youthful thought with emotional interest†. This is the presence of the York Hussars, a military regiment taken from Germany to serve in Britain. They were renowned for their â€Å"foreign air and mustachios which drew crowds of spectators wherever they travelled† which shows Hardy’s evident eye for detail that appears time again throughout the story. Phyllis was sitting on top of a wall at the base of her garden, apparently a favourite spot for her from childhood, when she sees an alien figure walk up the path. One of the soldiers from the Hussars camped nearby was walking up the path, with the manner of â€Å"someone who wishes to escape company†. He is in contrast to the splendid men who usually are the visual front to the Hussars and it seems as though this soldier wished to escape the rigours of military life. The soldier notices Phyllis on the wall, who was dressed in â€Å"white raiment† typically the colour of innocence and inexperience. She is captivated by him and falls in love at first sight. After a few days of this they start talking. She finds out his name is Matthaus Tina and how he was forcibly removed from his home to join the army and had quickly reached the rank of corporal. He was well educated and had soon proved himself in the strongly class-based society of the army. These â€Å"interviews† occurred on a daily basis; soon the conversation spread to his life at home and his longing for his mother. Hardy introduces a scholarly influence by comparing her pity of him to that of Desdemona, a character from Othello, a tragedy by Shakespeare. This is an apt comparison, as the piece itself will eventually turn into a tragedy full of mistaken judgements, well-intentioned actions and undeserved misfortune. The wall is a metaphor for the boundary between them; it is described as being in disrepair, which indicates the unstable base for their romance and the lack of unity. All through the story this wall remains between them until finally when Phyllis attempts to break free. She learns that although the regiment appears happy in fact it was â€Å"pervaded by a dreadful melancholy† powered by a longing for the return for their home showing a background of natural prejudice. This need was driven for a hatred of their English officers and English attitude in general. Matthaus is said to suffer one of the worst from this â€Å"home-woe† and Phyllis pities him but still declined any form of physical contact or even permit him to cross the boundary line of the wall. Coincidentally news reached Phyllis of Gould through the village of how he only had a half-understanding of their current arrangements and that it was still not finalised. Now as this was still a rumour, it would be indecent of Dr. Grove to approach Gould but it overshadowed all previous thoughts of marriage. This rumour was also backed up with the fact that Gould’s letters had become more infrequent. Phyllis’ â€Å"heart sank within her† as she recognised the fact that her engagement had come to nothing. Despite of this father had noticed her attachment to Matthaus, he warned her not to go outside the boundary in her purpose of pursuing him, effectively making her a prisoner of her own home. However, she had no intention of leaving the garden however and the meetings continued as before. Then one evening an unforeseen accident destroyed her plans said to be decided by â€Å"fate†. She had been delayed by chance and Matthaus waited at the gate for her. The time he was due back in camp came and went but still he stayed. When she finally met him he was extremely late and on his return she heard that he had been stripped of his rank. The tragic consequence of this was that the chances of her father letting her marry him if Gould did not materialise had been slim but now they were practically nil. It was at this point that she makes one of the greatest decisions of her life. Matthaus had suggested that he was planning an escape from the army with several close companions and return to Germany and his mother. At first she seems amazed but then uncertainty steps in â€Å"I fear I am ruining you and your prospects†. However eventually she was persuaded but questions their route to freedom and how they propose to achieve it. Their scheme included stealing a boat and crossing across the channel to France. Here they would hike to Germany using their army wages to buy food and shelter. He asks to meet her just off the highway (symbolic of a turning point in her life) from where they should flee. He tells her that a friend of his, Christoph would also join them along with two others not named but who detested British authority. Coincidentally when she returned home, however, she found out that her father had spotted her with Matthaus. A confrontation occurred but her father had already decided she should go to her aunt’s to resist the temptation. He had still not given up faith on Gould, as he believed it was in best interest for her to marry him showing a paternal domination of his family. Her heart died within her as she heard this news and the house became like â€Å"a prison to Phyllis†, so she let her mind fly to the prospects of Matthaus’ scheme. Her confidence in Matthaus was fulfilled. On her return, she arranged to meet him at a junction off the main road the following week and when the time arose she waited just off the road hidden in a position where she could see any passers-by. The symbolic junction of the main road represents another turning point in Phyllis’ life where she has an option of which path to choose. She then hears a carriage come down the hill and stop nearby and as fate would have it Humphrey Gould, long awaited, stepped out. The carriage came down the hill as though Gould was lowering himself to Phyllis, in terms of class status. He talked to the driver about a present he had bought for Phyllis and he admits to treating her â€Å"rather badly†. In a rush of indecisiveness, Phyllis tries to make up her mind; should she be loyal to her father and Gould and return home or follow her instincts and leave to a new life. This again represents Phyllis’ lack of decisive action and passivity of women at that time and this concept is repeated several times throughout the story. At this point Matthaus climbs over the gate behind her and â€Å"presses her to his breast†. This is the first time that the metaphorical boundary of the wall has not divided them in their relationship. Phyllis left with them and after a long night of travelling to the coast they meet with the friend, Christoph, just before sunrise. At this point Phyllis makes her final decision and they separate for the last time on a hill overlooking the sea, dooming their relationship itself a metaphor as the sea represents freedom and this is simply describing how close she has come yet as it is dark she is still blind to it, her future an uncertainty. After she returns to her house, she finds Gould with an expensive gift – a looking glass which â€Å"won Phyllis’ admiration† and until that point she had regretted leaving Matthaus. However, things were to take a turn for the worse tragically after Matthaus had left. She finds out that whilst he had been away he had met a new lady, who would be a much better choice as she came from the same upper class background as Gould yet another example of class distinction which was obviously very powerful at that time. This shows how the value of money dictates Gould’s priorities. It is an irony that she finds this out on that day, as she would then not have hesitated to run away with Matthaus. Phyllis was shocked at this because she viewed Gould as a person who would confide every last detail of truth with her judging by the information in his letters. She retreated to the only place where she could be alone – the old wall-where she dreams about what her life could have been like had she taken the other route. One morning those dreams are brought to an abrupt halt. On a morning described as being â€Å"broke in fog and mist† behind which the faint outlines of tents and the camp were visible from the wall and this is against the permanence and regularity of the natural landscape. The mood is also set in an almost slow-time as Hardy describes in minute detail the landscape, such as â€Å"every blade of grass was weighted with little golden globes†, an image captivating the idealistic morning. As she watched in â€Å"melancholy regard† she sees a procession led by an English colonel, who represents the cultural background of Anglo – German hostilities. Two prisoners are led in front of a firing squad, clearly Matthaus and Christoph. After a prayer, they were executed in front of the entire regiment and their bodies ordered to be turned out of their coffins as an example to the men by the English Colonel, resented by the men. Tragically it turned out that they had stolen the boat as planned, and at first sight of land thought it was France and went ashore. It turned out it was Guernsey and the men were arrested and sent back to England so it was ironic that this mission that this mission seemed doomed to failure. It was simply undeserved misfortune they had arrived in the wrong place and a fault in navigation. On arrest, they had sacrificed themselves for the two other comrades by claiming to be ringleaders. Whilst the others had received a flogging, the punishment for desertion was death and so this order was carried out. As a consequence Phyllis symbolically died of a broken heart and was buried near where the two men lie. The idea of the love triangles that was stated at the start of this essay are the heart of the story. At the centre of both is Phyllis but on one is Gould and Dr. Grove her father. On the second is Matthaus and his mother, who Phyllis longs to be with. This story is an example of the number of external factors that can shape peoples destinies in life. It shows how chance events, such as Phyllis sitting on the wall at the time of Matthaus’ arrival along with tragic circumstances that arise, can affect the course of change. The idea is that we are powerless to control our destiny, and seeming coincidences may appear to be pre-ordained but fate is out of our control.

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Education - Essay Example Like Malcolm X, there comes a point when education means learning from people outside of the academe. Certain individuals in our Korean society, at least those within my immediate community, have in one way or the other affected the way I think whether in reference to my studies or an aspect relevant to my social life. When Malcolm X’s discriminating eighth-grade instructor told him â€Å"no realistic goal for a nigger† exists at the time he was one of the best students who had foreseen career in law, the moment clearly marked a turning point in his educational decision. Mere words, thus, could ‘make or break’ a person and likewise, some of my perceptions during secondary years at school had been impacted by teachers and classmates in and out of academic discussions. Due to such an experience, I could say that formal scholastic training would be inadequate if a student neglects or fails to have access to other modes of learning. In my case, it was very esse ntial to get in touch with people in different ways. By the time I developed the habit of cramming prior to taking major exams back then, I was in constant need of companions who would either assist me in reviewing difficult subjects, especially the ones I got rid of the most, or simply accompany me for leisure or relaxing break after studying. I crammed so much that I ended up obtaining unpleasant grades that were quite bothersome not only to me but to my parents, concerned friends, and instructors at school who had seen and believed in my potentials. As it made me look into myself, I discovered that while I desired all along to keep up with my studies, I missed setting my priorities right. Friends who were fond of ‘happy-go-lucky’ times, I observed, bore a huge influence in the sense that I had spent an ample amount of time hanging out with them in parties, getaways, shopping, and even petty dates. Little did I realize that instead of having relief from stress of scho olwork, I earned distractions which reflected poor time management and lack of self-control on my part. I used to think that I could study well if I had moments to unwind first, so as to dissolve external pressures and worries which I thought might get in the way of focus but the more I seek to charge myself with wonderful mood as such, the more I became exhausted. The strength meant to have been reserved for making notes and working on assignments was all sapped, making me feel the need to have plenty of rest so that I crammed often. As a consequence, rather than getting properly organized with the lessons already taught, I unconsciously settled on losing my train of smooth thinking and whenever the trouble with discontinuity persisted, I would struggle with comprehension or with coping to recall subject matters dealt with. Though oppression was rare in the previous school I attended, students in general took part in throwing and receiving criticism. Somehow, this was embedded in o ur system of education and inevitably worked to test how strong a character could get, I suppose. Since I could not afford to let the situation with harshly criticizing individuals affect my personal growth in a negative way, I typically perceived comments as a sign of challenge capable of creating an opportunity for me to enhance my overall skills. It was not easy to

History of planning and urban design in 20th century Essay

History of planning and urban design in 20th century - Essay Example Why I chose architecture and planning? I cannot give a simple answer for that. Maybe it was because since childhood I have liked painting and construction and have yearned to create things on my own. It seems that architecture and planning can satisfy my imagination in terms of space, creativity, and colour.After my five years of study in the Department of Architecture and Planning and three years’ work experience, I asked myself this same question. The result is that Part of the above factors as well I realized that architecture and planning have an intrinsic appeal for me and that they are not only an art, but also more importantly a kind of technology. I studied architecture and town planning together as I have never thought of them as separate jobs. They are merely two sides of a same coin, the difference being mostly in the scale of the work. As part of my university degree I completed courses in different aspects of architecture and planning such as history of architectu re and urban development, urban transportation planning, urban and landscape infrastructure and services, city planning process. I found these subjects very interesting.   After my graduation I worked as a planning engineer with the Ministry of Transport. The work experience I gained during that period helped to strength my specialization, improve my research skills, integrate my knowledge, and build my leadership skills. As part of my professional development I took additional training courses in various areas such as transportation planning, traffic engineering and scientific research.... The garden city concept combined the town and the country in order to provide the working class an alternative to working on farms or 'crowded, unhealthy cities'. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture (2). Letchworth was the first garden city, in the UK in 1903, followed by Welwyn in 1919. These were small in size, providing for a few thousand residents. In Australia, the suburb of Colonel Light Gardens in Adelaide, South Australia, was designed according to garden city principles. So too was the town of Sunshine, which is now a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. New towns throughout the world were modeled after these garden cities. This theory was an attempt to improve the appearance of cities and streets by means of architectural and spatial effects. (3)   In 1920 the ideas of modernity began to appear by designer Le Corbusier brought more mod ern ideas and new methods of building and introduced the skyscraper. The main idea was to combine residential home designs with the feel of the city. This was also a way to use modern technologies to eliminate congestion and chaos that was experienced by small cities. This was achieved by and changing the streets to highways and constructing towers set within the gardens. Theories suggest that the center of a great city should consist mainly of skyscrapers – exclusively for commercial use – and these groups of skyscrapers should be set within large, rectangular park-like green spaces. A huge transportation hub sits in the center and includes depots for buses and trains, as well as the highway intersections. This plan segregated pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways and

Financial Analysis (Tesco and Wall-Mart) Coursework

Financial Analysis (Tesco and Wall-Mart) - Coursework Example Tesco plc is a general merchandise retailer and a multinational grocery, which is has its headquarters in Cheshunt, UK. Perhaps it is the world’s third largest retailer in terms of revenues. The other retailers that are ahead of it are Carrefour and Wal-Mart, and it is also the second largest in terms of profit, whereby it comes after Wal-Mart. The retailer has branches in fourteen states across North America, Asia, and Europe. In the United Kingdom, it is the leader in the grocery market whereby it controls a market share of about thirty percent. It was established by Cohen Jack back in the year 1919 as a small market stalls group (MacLaurin, 2002, p.76). Interestingly, the company generates approximately eighteen billion pounds in sales, offer employment for around one hundred and eighty thousand people and earn about seven hundred million pounds in revenue from outside of the United Kingdom. Currently, the have about two thousand and twenty six stores running outside the Un ited Kingdom. However, within the United Kingdom, the company runs two thousand, two hundred stores and offers employment for about two hundred and eighty five thousand individuals. ... The company employs around two million, one hundred thousand people from all over the world. The company has operations or presence in over ten states, which include China, Brazil, Argentina, Honduras, Nicaragua, Canada, Costa Rica, United Kingdom, Japan, India, El Salvador, Mexico, Chile and Guatemala (MacLaurin, 2002, p.26). They earn around one hundred billion dollars from stores that are located outside the United States, approximately twenty five percent of the total revenue. They run over eight thousand, four hundred stores across the globe. The company operates on a model of price leadership. Clients are aware that the company can offer them the lowest process for what they need. Unlike Wal-Mart, we find that Tesco Corporation decided to adopt a kind of approach that is multiple format not only in its native market but also in the global operations. Whereas the company managed to be successful in all the twelve international markets that it ventured in, Wal-Mart did not manage to be successful; that is it was not able to make a its presence felt in a number of markets (Simms, 2009, p.45). Nevertheless, after strongly managing to establish itself or making a mark in the emerging markets, in the year 2007, Tesco Corporation entered into the United States market after carrying out thorough and comprehensive groundwork. Tesco Company came out with a one of its kind novel convenient store approach, which is ‘Fresh & Easy’ based on its comprehensive market research and after a very short time, the approach proved to be a great success and considerably gained an extensive acceptability and was embraced by most of the consumers in the United

How To Be Idle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

How To Be Idle - Essay Example However, there is a deeper insight that Hodgkinson is trying to convey to readers of the book. He is simply telling us that doing nothing can be as good as doing something because it has psychological and physical benefits. First of all, idleness can be a form of relaxation to stop us from completely ruining our physical health. It is not uncommon nowadays to see middle-aged managers suffering from diabetes or heart conditions. More often than not, these busy lot of young leaders resort to unhealthy habits like smoking or over-eating as a coping mechanism to stress. They run like headless chickens when deadlines set in and fire orders like missiles to their subordinates. Later, they succumb to various health conditions because they simply failed to stop and smell the flowers. These people would extract productivity from most of their waking hours by doing work-related tasks even on moments where they could be just resting. In fact, even on a very busy workday, there is time to breath e and daydream. Hodgkinson advocates daydreaming or meditation when caught in circumstances that leaves us no choice but to wait like being stuck in a traffic jam (228). Apparently, traffic jams are blessings because these situations are beyond our control despite all the planning we can make. Normally, when a busy person gets caught in a traffic jam, he starts calling on other people to arrange matters due to delay. Busy people would never consider an idle time. On the other hand, the art of idleness teaches us to pray, meditate or daydream which can be more productive and healthy for our psychological well-being. Prayer and meditation calms the body and lowers blood pressure. A power nap is also good especially on long trips because we can recharge our brain. Daydreaming brings forth our creative thinking that can help us solve some conflicts that we are dealing with. Busy people often miss out the benefits that they can derive from such idle tasks that Hodgkinson suggests. Actual ly, the author is not telling people to be lazy and counter-productive. He is teaching us to rewire ourselves and explore the advantages of using idle time to make us more productive. Another issue that this book is trying to emphasize is the struggle between quantity and quality. The set-up of our lives depends on parameters that are quantitative in nature. For example, a person who goes to the gym boasts of the number of hours spent on doing exercises rather than the quality of the routine. Instead of feeling good about being able to exercise, fitness buffs would worry about the calories they eat or the hours they spent at the gym. Hodgkinson cited the nap that Winston Churchill took every afternoon which made him very productive later. Likewise, if we want our bodies to grow muscle or lose weight, we need to sleep well. Sleep helps us regenerate and heal from the normal wear and tear of daily living. What more when we are subjected to daily stressful situations? Well, not far beh ind would be insomnia, depression, and burn-out. The mind and body also breaks down at a certain point. People normally think that more is better when the real maxim of living is quality not quantity. Lives should have more breadth or depth rather than a bunch of jam packed hours that crams tasks or things-to-do. While being organized is a good idea, too much of

A Comparison and Contrast of the Paleo and Vegan Diets Research Paper

A Comparison and Contrast of the Paleo and Vegan Diets - Research Paper Example The Paleo diet gets its basis on the foods that people presume early human took, and they mainly consist of fish, vegetables, meat, and fruits. It aims at creating the diet similar to the caveman. The people observing this kind of diet do not take processed foods, grain, and dairy product. According to the Paleo diet, there are minimal changes to the human DNA for the past 40000 years (Cordain, 2011). However, during these periods, human relied on hunting and gathering as a source of their food. Hence, while considering the genetic makeup of human being, the dietary needs are still the same. According to this diet, nature always governed the type of food a person consumes before the era of civilization. Using the foods that our ancestors consumed will be ideal for nourishing the body rather than using the modern processed foods since there are no changes in our body system with civilization. The diet gives priority to hunted animals or that fed natural pasture. The hunters and gatherers favored eating animal foods over those obtained from plants. Nonetheless, there is a need to consider the quality of the meat and freshness. It encourages moderate enjoyment of nuts, seeds, and fruits. Moreover, the individuals using this diet system avoid processed foods that easily cause harm to the body. The diet also eliminates grains, legume, dairy and processed foods. According to the foods in Paleo diets, it consists of foods that have low to moderate carbohydrate, enough animal protein, and high-fat content.

Pearl Harbor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Pearl Harbor - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that the attack on Pearl Harbor will forever spark imagination borne in mind; 4,000 Americans were wounded or killed. Much of how Pearl Harbor started bothers many since; there are various things that occurred before the attack. It is documented that, on September 1940, the United States imposed restriction on Japan towards prohibiting exporting of Scrap iron, steel, and fuel. On April 1941, the Japanese signed the neutrality treaty with Soviet Union to prevent the attack if they were to go to war with the United States or Britain. Toward the end of July 1941, the United States, Netherlands, and Britain froze Japanese resources. Eventually, Japan could not purchase oil, which in turn, crippled its army as well as, its air forces. Japan seized the opportunity to take Southeast Asia’s resources but, all was in vain. Typically, the U.S demanded that Japan withdraws from Indonesia and China, though this could be settled with a token not to take more territory. In essence, the Japanese military was requested to device the war pan and also get the oil embargo lifted precisely. In this context, the U.S knew that the attack was imminent bearing in mind; their relationship with the Japanese Military was broken. Prior to the attack, warnings had been sent from Washington, though it arrived late. Before the attack, Japanese planes were spotted, but it was implicated to be American’ Flights. ... Toward the end of July 1941, the United States, Netherlands, and Britain froze Japanese resources. Eventually, Japan could not purchase oil, which in turn, crippled its army as well as, its air forces. Japan seized the opportunity to take Southeast Asia’s resources but, all was in vain. Typically, the U.S demanded that Japan withdraws from Indonesia and China, though this could be settled with a token not to take more territory. In essence, the Japanese military was requested to device the war pan and also get the oil embargo lifted precisely. In this context, the U.S knew that the attack was imminent bearing in mind; their relationship with the Japanese Military was broken. Prior to the attack, warnings had been sent from Washington, though it arrived late. Before the attack, Japanese planes were spotted, but it was implicated to be American’ Flights. On December 7th 1941, it was a peaceful Sunday morning on the Hawaiian island. The first wave of the Japanese airplanes left six aircraft carriers with struck Pearl Harbor before 8 AM local time. After two waves of terror lasting, the disaster had occurred. Over 3, 500 Americans were badly damaged by 18 ships, and a lot of resources were destroyed. The attack lasted approximately 2 hours, from 7.55 A.M to 10.45 A.M. The first Wave struck Pearl Harbor at 7.55 .A.M, and the second one around 8.50 A.M. With no doubt; the attack on Pearl Harbor was military strike organized by the Japanese against the U.S. WHERE IT STARTED The attack on Pearl Harbor started at Hawaii, on a Sunday morning. Many American servicemen were either eating breakfast or still in pajama when the attack began. This stands out that,

Blood Buffer Essay Example for Free

Blood Buffer Essay Objectives: After completing this exercise and reading the corresponding material in your text, you should be able to 1. Prepare a wet mount slide 2. Identify structures described in this lab on slides 3. Cite examples of the wide diversity of cell types 4. Relate differences in structure among cells to functional differences Introduction Structurally and functionally, all living things share one common feature: all living organisms are composed of cells. The development of this concept began with Robert Hookes seventeenth-century observation that slices of cork were made up of small units he called cells. † Over the next 100 years, the cell theory emerged. It was formally (and independently) presented by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839, and clarified by Virchow a few years later. This theory has three principles: (1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (2) All life processes derive from the activities of cells. (3) All cells arise from preexisting cells. Living organisms are composed of one or many cells, and every activity that occurs in a living organism is ultimately related to metabolic processes in cells. Understanding the processes of life requires an understanding of the structure and function of the cell. Although cells vary in organization, size, and function, all share certain structural features. All are enclosed within a plasma membrane, defining the boundary of the living material. All contain a region of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which forms the genetic code. Inside of the plasma membrane is watery cytoplasm, and the chemical processes inside the cell occur within this watery medium. Upon microscopic examination, we see there are two basic types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, see the table below to see a comparison of the two cell types. For these following exercise you should use the highest magnification possible, because you will be able to see more detail, and you should record your observations at this magnification. Always begin with the lower magnifications, once you have found your specimen center it and focus it before increasing the magnification. We will not be using the 100X objective because it requires special handling and immersion oil, so you should use the 40X objective for most observations. What is the total magnification of a sample view with the 40X objective? Remember there is a lens in the ocular that magnifies the image 10x, so the total magnification will be 40 x 10 = 400X. Exercise 1: Examining Prokaryotic cells 1. What types of organisms are prokaryotic? 2. What structures are found in a Eukaryotic cell that will not be visible in a Prokayotic cell? 3. Examine the specimens available at the back of the classroom. Locate a prokaryotic cell and bring it back to your microscope. Name of specimen: ____________________ 4. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch your specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. Exercise 2: Examining Eukaryotic cells The cells on which we focus most of our attention are relatively large and complex, although many details of their structure are only evident with electron microscopy. The word eukaryote derives from the visible nucleus found in most of these cells. No one cell will show all of the features that a cell might have, so you will be observing a variety of eukaryotic cells. Protist cells: The protist kingdom includes eukaryotic unicellular forms (e.g., protozoans, algae, slime molds) as well as some simple multicellular forms. Many are mobile; some are photosynthetic; others are animal-like, ingesting food particles, or fungi-like, secreting digestive chemicals into the environment. Protists are diverse, often having complex cells. 1. What structures do you expect to see in these cells that was not evident in the prokaryotes you saw? Cultures of mixed protists and/or pond water are available in lab. Many different forms may be found in these cultures, including amoebas, flagellates and ciliates. (Many classifications of protists are based on how they move – with flagella, or cilia, or neither of these.) 2. Examine the specimens available at the back of the classroom. Locate the cultures of protist cells. You will examine two separate cultures. One of the cultures you’ll examine is the â€Å"Mixed Pond Protists,† you can pick which specimen you’ll examine for your second sample from the other cultures present in class. Make a wet mount of each culture, drawing material from the debris at the bottom of the culture jar. Name of specimen #1: Mixed Pond Protists Name of specimen #2: ____________________ 3. Observe first with scanning power (4X objective), looking for movement. If you don’t see anything, wash the material back into the jar and get another drop. Once you have located organisms, observe on higher power (40X objective). If the protists are moving very rapidly, they may swim out of the field of view. In this case, remove the coverslip and add a small drop of Detain. Detain is a thick solution that will help slow down the protists. REMEMBER THAT THE MICROSCOPE LIGHT IS HOT. Turn it off when you are not looking at the slide. 4. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. 5. What evidence do you see that protists are eukaryotes? 6. Attempt to identify the protists you have observed. There are several keys to protists available. Your instructor can help you use the keys if you’re not familiar with how they work. Write the name of your protists and your rationale for identification based on the characteristics in the key into your notes. When you have finished looking at your slide, place the slide in the bleach water. Plant cells: Plant cells are different from animal cells in many ways. 1. Name three ways plant cells differ from animal cells below. As in animals, cells of plants are organized into tissues, aggregations of similar cells performing a common function in a multicellular organism. In this part of the lab, you will look at several types of plant cells. Onion epidermal cells: 1. Make a wet mount of a colorless scale of an onion bulb by peeling the thin, membranous layer from the inside of one of the bulb scales and placing it on a slide in a drop of water. This usually works best if you partially slice through a ring, allowing the thin layer of tissue on the inner surface of the leaf to be pulled off. Use forceps to arrange the tissue in a drop of Iodine on a slide and cover with a cover slip. 2. Observe your preparation with the microscope, focusing first with the scanning power objective. Continue your study, switching to the low power (10 X) and finally the high power objective (40 X). 3. What shape do most of these cells have? What structure maintains this shape? 4. What structure is stained by the iodine? 5. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. 6. Which cellular components present in most leaf cells are absent from onion leaf cells? Elodea leaf cells: 1. Remove a single young leaf and prepare a wet mount. Examine the leaf first on scanning power, then on low power. 2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. 3. After the cells have warmed a bit from the light of the microscope, you may see cytoplasmic streaming. Microfilaments in the cytoplasm are thought to be responsible for this intracellular movement. What cellular structure do you see moving around the cytoplasm? Animal cells: Human epithelial (cheek) cells: 1. Using the broad end of a clean toothpick, gently scrape the inside of your cheek. Stir the scrapings into a drop of saline and a drop of Methylene Blue on a clean microscope slide and add a cover slip. Do not reuse your toothpick. DO NOT PUT IT BACK WITH THE CLEAN TOOTHPICKS AND DON’T LAY IT ON THE TABLE. Discard it in the BIOHAZARD bag. 2. Because the cells are almost transparent, decrease the amount of light entering the objective lens to increase the contrast. Find the cells using the low power objective of your microscope, then switch to the high power objective for detailed study. Find the nucleus of a cell. Many of the cells will be folded or wrinkled due to their thin, flexible nature. 3. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. 4. Dark specs on the cells are bacteria, similar to the E. coli you looked at earlier. How big are these bacterial cells relative to your cheek cells? Discard this slide into the bowl containing the bleach water. Sheep’s blood (wet mount): Blood consists of two parts a liquid portion (water + proteins) called plasma, and a cellular portion, containing many different cell types, including erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs), and leukocytes or white blood cells (WBCs). Red blood cells are red because they contain a lot of the oxygen-carrying molecule hemoglobin. The blood sample we have has been treated chemically to prevent clotting. 1. Prepare a wet mount by placing a drop of saline and a small drop of blood on the slide. Add a cover slip. Examine a portion of the slide in which the blood is diluted. 2. Examine your specimen under the microscope. Sketch each specimen under 40x magnification below. Be sure to label any internal or external structures visible. 3. What is missing from these cells that is found in eukaryotic cells? 4. How do the red blood cells compare to your cheek cells in size? What shapes are the cells? Discard this slide into the bowl containing the bleach water. Cells Review Questions Your answers should be specific and to the level of the lecture, book and lab manual. You may need to use outside sources. 1. What characteristics do all cells have in common? 2. What characteristics are common to all eukaryotic cells but not found in prokaryotic cells? 3. Would you expect that all the living cells you saw in lab contain mitochondria? Explain. 4. Did all living plant cells you observed contain chloroplasts? Explain. 5. Describe as many differences as you can between plant and animal cells at a cellular level. Do any of these differences relate to the organismic differences we see between plants and animals? Explain. 6. How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare in size? 7. How would you compare a protist cell to a cell from your body, a cheek cell for example, in terms of complexity at the cellular level?

Liberty of Thought and Discussion Essay Example for Free

Liberty of Thought and Discussion Essay John Stuart Mill: John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), British philosopher, economist, great liberal (or libertarian), moral and political theorist, and administrator, was the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. His views are of continuing significance, and are generally recognized to be among the deepest and certainly the most effective defenses of empiricism and of a liberal political view of society and culture. The overall aim of his philosophy is to develop a positive view of the universe and the place of humans in it, one which contributes to the progress of human knowledge, individual freedom and human well-being. His views are not entirely original, having their roots in the British empiricism of John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, and in the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. But he gave them a new depth, and his formulations were sufficiently articulate to gain for them a continuing influence among a broad public. Mills most famous work in social and political philosophy, and still one of the most influential works on human rights and freedom, is his book-length essay entitled On Liberty, which we will now summarize, using Mills own section headings. Introduction of the essay: The main point of this essay is to argue that the only justification for society limiting the liberty of an individual, whether by the government or the force of public opinion, is to prevent harm to others. If the purpose instead is his own good, or some other goal, then only persuasion and non-coercive means can be justified. Mill believed that an individual had two aspects to his life 1) The individual had two aspects which concerned him alone 2) The social because every individual was also an integral part of society. The actions of the individual may similarly be divided into two categories 1)self-regarding and2)other regarding with regard to actions in which he alone is concerned, his liberty of action is complete and should not be regulated by the state and society, his actions can justifiably be regulated by the state or society.. The essay also reflects Mills passionate belief that individuality is something that should be protected and nurtured. As such, the essay illustrates his disgust at how he believed society squelches nonconformity. On Liberty is just one example of the social and political writings of Mill other works of his include, Considerations on Representative Government Major Themes: The Struggle between Liberty and Authority Individuals have often felt as though their rights were being infringed upon by an overzealous government and have fought for the ability to have their government act they wish. Individual liberties have been trampled on by various governments and this fear of authority has resulted in democracies, where the majority of the people get to decide what actions are best for the state. Tyranny of the Majority With democracies, it is supposed that the will of the people is the impetus for the governments actions and that people are participating in a type of self-governing state. However, says Mill, this is not true, democracies enable a tyranny of the majority where public opinion stomps out the voices of the minority groups and pays their needs and opinions no mind. Mill thinks that this tyranny is the gravest sort, and seeks to find the maximum amount that society can impose itself on an individual while still maintaining personal liberty. Self-Regarding Actions and Autonomy A person whose actions only affect himself is not eligible to be coerced or punished for his deeds. According to Mill, it is not societys duty or even its right to protect a person from him or her. The only punishment that can result from a self-regarding action is the weight of individual public opinion and the consequence of the actual action itself. The Veracity of Public Opinion There is no guarantee, and even a strong possibility that what the majority deems to be best indeed is not. The majority’s opinion is tainted with motives and biases that shouldnt come into play when deciding what is best for society as a whole. An analysis of past events, wars, and discriminations can show us that sometimes the majoritys opinion is not rooted in good faith. Allowing the minoritys opinion to be involved in debates and decisions can only be a good thing, no matter what the opinion is. Religion and Liberty Supporters of religion tend to view those who are less religious as less credible in their ideas for society. Mill refutes this theory and says that religious affiliation should play no role in the ability of a person to make an informed opinion about what is best for all society the truth of matters. Mill points to nonreligious men with impeccable morals as proof that religious affiliation does not indicate trustworthiness. Coercion Mill is against societal or individual coercion in all cases, except when a persons actions are harming others. He thinks it a clear abuse of liberty when coercion is used to persuade a person to stop an action that only affects himself. When a person is injuring other members of society, however, Mill thinks it fine that he be coerced to stop his actions and punished in a court of law if applicable. Mill also believes that the public has the duty to warn each other about a dangerous person and coerce one another to stay avoid him/her. Societys Obligation Society has an obligation to throw its influence towards those who are unable to process information and exercise their own liberty in a rational way. Examples of these individuals are children and undeveloped minds. Society has an obligation to children to try their best to make them rational, reasonable adults who want to follow their passions and be dynamic personalities. Part of this obligation, one that is shared by parents, is providing a strong education Mill suggests that there be universal educational standards for all children so none fall behind. Danger in the Government: Mill is very fearful of the power of the government and all his theories are molded not to give the government any more power of persuasion or procedure. Mill thinks that governments should not be allowed to make the final decisions regarding its constituency, that rather local officials should be appointed and with the central government advice, but most importantly with the input of all citizens, make the decisions. The Liberty of Thought and Discussion: If people are oppressed for holding or expressing an unpopular opinion, there are three possibilities. In all three cases, the coercion is unjustified. One, the suppressed opinion might be true. Thats the most obvious case where suppressing it is unjustified. Two, the suppressed opinion might be false. Even here, though, there are advantages to letting it be aired as long and as fully as anyone wishes to air it. Even when the prevailing opinion it counters is true, it should never fear the challenge of a devils advocate. Such a challenge can only be healthy for it. Three, most likely of all, the suppressed opinion is neither wholly true nor wholly false. Only by airing all sidesboth the prevailing opinion and any views challenging it Of Individuality, As One of the Elements of Well-Being To hold an opinion never constitutes a harm to others, and so should never be suppressed. To express an opinion almost never constitutes a harm to others, and so should only be suppressed in rare, extreme circumstances. Behavior is clearly different and can often constitute harm to others, thus it is not entitled to the same near-absolute liberty. However, even with behavior there should be a strong presumption in favor of liberty. Any alleged harm to others has to be clear and provable. When theres doubt, the behavior should not be suppressed. Many of the reasons for this parallel the reasons for freedom of expression. Just as expression might be true, false, or partly true and partly false, so might ones actions be right, wrong, or partly right and partly wrong. When theyre right they should be allowed, and when theyre wrong or partly right and partly wrong, its often best to allow them to stand as a challenge to the prevailing approved behavior, so people can best judge all the possible behaviors. There will be no positive change for society as a whole if people are not allowed to experiment with behavior that is contrary to custom and the opinion of the majority. Every progressive, positive change in history that has added to human happiness was at one time contrary to custom. To develop ones individuality, ones capacity for autonomously choosing ones own path in life, fosters happiness in and of itself, aside from the consequences of the specific behavior chosen thereby. Even if superficially it is the case that other choices coercively imposed would have been better, this benefit of being an autonomous person is lost. Unfortunately, in the modern era people seem all too blind to the value of liberty and individuality. Little is shunned or looked down upon more than eccentricity or acting contrary to custom. Of the Limits to the Authority of Society Over the Individual Every member of a society is obligated to refrain from harming others, and to provide his share of the labor and sacrifices necessary to safeguard and maintain that society. Society has the right to compel people to fulfill such obligations. If the harm rises to the level of violating the rights of others, then the law may be used against such harmful behavior. If the harm is of a lower level, then only the force of public opinion may be used against such harmful behavior. If the behavior is not harmful to others, then no coerciongovernmental or otherwisemay be used against it, and people may only seek to influence it by persuasion. It can be argued that harm to self can then harm others and so should be included in what can be suppressed, but this harm to others is too indirect and speculative. Plus, the individual is generally in the best position to know what constitutes harm to self, and so is the one who should make the decisions. Applications Not even all instances where behavior in some sense harms others should be suppressed. Sometimes people will be disadvantaged or have their liberty limited by the way other people exercise their liberty (e. g. , one person is prevented from getting a certain job because the employer hired someone else), but this is unavoidable and is normally not proper to categorize as a coercive infringement on liberty. Should people be free to obtain and possess weapons and such that are used to harm others? Mostly yes, because the potential to harm is not to be treated as the equivalent of harm. In some cases, an acceptable middle ground should be sought, for instance allowing people to own such things, but keeping strict records of their name and address, what they purchased, their stated reason for purchasing it, etc. There can be rare cases of justified paternalism where a person is coerced to prevent harm to self. An example would be physically blocking a person from crossing a bridge until it can be explained to him that it is unsafe. Because here youre not really thwarting the persons will, which is to get to the other side of the bridge, not to plunge to his death trying to cross it. There can be rare cases where a persons track record justifies intervention before the actual harm to others. If a person has an established history of violence when drunk, it may be justified to forcibly prevent him from getting drunk. There can be instances of offense that are so severe as to rise to the level of harm, and thus justify disallowing certain behaviors in public, where it would not be justified to prohibit those behaviors behind closed doors. Generally if it is wrong to use full coercion against a behavior, then it would be wrong to use partial coercion. For instance, if it would be wrong to make a certain thing illegal because its not directly harming others, it would also be wrong to tax it so heavily as to discourage it without banning it outright. Should a person be free to limit his own future self by entering into binding contracts? This will depend on the specifics. To not allow and enforce contracts would itself be a limitation on liberty, as would enforcing all contracts (e. . , slavery contracts). The law should seek a middle ground that maximizes freedom by enforcing contracts, but only with numerous safeguards, limitations, and exclusions. One area where some people are allowed far too much freedom in ways that harm others is in the family. Men are wrongly regarded as having sole authority in their home to deal with their wives and children as they see fit. The law should step in, even coercively where necessary, to ensure that women have the same rights, the same liberties as men. A question that is only indirectly related to the primary concerns of this essay is the proper size and role of government, beyond the matter of its placing direct limitations on the liberty of the individual. As a rule of thumb, smaller government is better, because individuals are in a better position to make decisions about their own lives and resources than is local government, and local government is in a better position than the national government.

Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer

Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Abstract The revolution in information technology (IT) and communications has changed the way people do the shopping today. In recent years, increasing online shopping have been using the Internet and other electronic media for their shopping and people are diverted from offline to online. This research paper is based on the how does online shopping change consumer buying behaviour. Specially buying books through the internet. The main aim of this study was to examine if there are any particular factors that influence the online consumer buying behaviour. Primary information was collected from the London School of Commerce students survey because the students usually buy books from online or normal shop. Price, Trust and Convenience were were recognized as significant factors. For the maximum students price is the main vital issue. Moreover, three sectors were recognized, I) High Spenders, II) Price Easers, and III) Bargain Seekers. In the course of these sectors we found a variation of the different factors significance and recognized propositions for online book shops. Keywords: Online Shopping, Consumer, Online Books, amd Buying Behaviour. Acknowledgements Being a part of the academic community is most special. As a master student at the London School of Commerce (LSC), University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), the author has felt privileged and grateful. The author would like to therefore take this opportunity to express his gratitude to the many people (although it is impossible to list by name all) who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Firstly the author is highly indebted to Tom Reeves (London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and wish to express his heart felt gratitude for his encouragement and approval of the above topic as a researchable topic. His constructive criticisms, comments and guidance are perhaps the secret behind the standard of this paper. Millions of thanks go to Students of London School of Commerce who helped me to survey the offline questionnaires around the Institute of London School of Commerce. Special appreciation goes to all the staff and tutors of the London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Especially, Dr. Rajendra Kumar, Dr. Peter McGee, Michael Nieto, Prof. Geoffrey Lancaster, Mervyn Sookun, Ms. Ellie Semsar and Paul Reynolds for your encouragement, inspiration and innovative ideas impacted on me during and after the coursework the author says a big thank you. Finally my father, mother and my family members receive my deepest love and gratitude for their dedication and support for these years. However, the current author would like to make a declaration that this study is an addition to extant literature and was the main contributor of the overall paper. Whenever other peoples work is referred to, they are duly acknowledged. Therefore the author is solely responsible for any error and misrepresentation of facts. Shermim Akter Lucky Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research The development of online has formed a hypothesis transfer of the usual system persons buying. A customer is no longer bound for opening periods or particular places; he is able to turn into dynamic by online whichever moment plus every position as well as buy products or facilities. Online is a comparatively latest means for contact as well as data swap, which has turned into present within our daily existence. Expansion into e-commerce potential is far-reaching through the international world as well as trade has completely been transformed exactly to these online improvements. Separately as of this viewpoint of its outcome, it as well spreads its effectiveness/ influence on other characteristic of human performance, which generate prospect intended for further improvement as well as regeneration. Khosrow Pour (2006), describes that, e-commerce (EC) ground is a varied one, connecting a lot of performance, business components, plus technologies, as well as it includes a structure of lots of substance between which is customer facilities. Peter Rucker (2002) in (Turban et al., 2004 plus 2006) describes e-commerce like a global sharing means intended for commodities, facility as well as astonishingly intended for administrative plus specialized work. Is intensely varying money matters, he described, marketplaces plus manufacturing configuration, products plus facilities as well as their runs ; customer segmentation, customer importances plus purchaser activities. Moreover lots of reviewers described electronic commerce like the entire automatically intervened operation among an association plus any third party it transactions through (Chaffey, 2004, Pg. 7). Turban et al., (2006) within his more description, alleged e-commerce is able to be noticed as of the viewpoint of contact, facility, business education and so on. We are able to monitor that the entire the explanations heats along to the similar viewpoint of what electronic commerce is regarding. E-commerce the same as we require to identify is a broadly considered matter. It includes a lot of features which contain; Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Business (C2B) etc., however present research is intended for focusing its highlighting happening Business to Consumer. Business to Consumer (B2C) is the mainly increasing one where corporations execute trade by means of customers in the Internet. A main achievement issue of Business to Consumer is locating what customers wish within words of facility, superiority, as well as cost (Turban et al., 2008). Online shopping is the method customers attempt in the course of while they choose shopping taking place online. As a result, online has improved to a very reasonable marketplace, where the rivalry more than the customer is violent. With the purpose of include an effect taking place as well as maintain customers, within a reasonable marketplace, Constantinides (2004) declared that the initial movement is recognizing particular affecting characteristics while buying in the Internet, these are able to be considered as issues. The objective of this research is to build up plus operate a form describing as well as guess implementation of the Internet customer look for plus buying performances depend taking place a combination of effectiveness maximization hypothesis plus customer acceptance assumption that deliberates inspirations (distinguished improvement) developed from the Internet search / buy as well as prices connected by the Internet search / buy. 1.2 Rationale of the Research The purpose of the research is mainly recognizing with acquire close by into what key issues the Internet customer gets into consideration while buying books in the Internet, since books are the most usually purchased product in online (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online-Forschung e.V. [AGOF e.V.], 2007). Moreover, in this research will examine if any divisions are able to be recognized with recognizing the customers and how these divisions communicate to the recognized issues. The findings of the present study will be summarized as suggestions for the Internet book sellers with the purpose of improve their customer information as well as build up their Internet marketing strategy efficiency. 1.3 Significance of the Research The business-to-consumer is the largely noticeable trade kind of e-commerce. Internet shopping permits corporations giving product data as well as straight transactions to their customers. With the intention of successfully make customers believing electronic commerce plus Internet dealings, readily available an vital require recognizing the issues which effect customer behaviour on the way to carry on consume of Internet dealings. The benefits of Internet shopping dealings are renowned. The largest part general motivations designed for customers shopping in the Internet are convenience, wider choices, reasonable costing, as well as bigger entrance to data. Conversely, Internet transactions quantity even now stays on comparatively small evaluated to alternative transaction types. Many earlier studies have illustrated that apparent causes contain protection plus confidentiality matters, be short of awareness by the medium, as well as the appropriateness of products to be retailed. In reality within the B2C e-commerce, a customer has the twice function of the product buyer plus information technology (website) client. To the shopper within electronic commerce, the website technique is a complete demonstration of the shopping. Such as, a number of well-known Internet purchasing websites (eBay, Amazon etc.) greatly based on information technology (IT) within their trade approaches. Within the majority usual corporations, were brick and mortor trades are performed customers accomplish operations through face-to-face, telephone, report administrators, persons etc. On the contrary, nowadays trade everywhere the planet is at present worldwide, the purchaser boundary within electronic surroundings is display-to-face communication method which insists a machine denotes of Personal Computer depend screens, ATM devices, personal Laptops and many more electronic tools to talk about some. As a result, online is the only communication systems among the company and the clients, therefore it situates huge liability taking place the company to acquire as well as characterize the consumers knowledge, for the reason that there is frequently no opportunity intended for straight individual involvement for the period of meeting. Thus it provides a path in support of a enquiry, which is; Does this line provide like a certain path to disclose costs which be able to also influence c ustomers as well as finish buy with no trouble? Furthermore, how do these corporations which are ease within cost (modified/make specially, perform auctions, trades advertising) Internet vary from corporations which provide steady/permanent pricing systems? 1.4 Aims Objectives To identify the suitable cause that drive consumer to purchase books online; To give a organized and complete evaluation of online consumer buying behaviour; To analysis the exact reasons and charges have on books search and purchase decisions between Internet shoppers global; To suggest an integrated outline that improves our understanding of the fundamental motivating issues of online book consumer behaviour; To give directions used for future investigate in online consumer buying behaviour area. 1.5 Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this research is to describe how online shopping manipulates consumer buying behaviour for buying books online. There are lots of matters related to this srudy question; however we will simply focus on buying books online. The study problems we plan to answer are: What key issues influence the Internet consumer while considering and creation for buying through the Internet? How do these issues manipulate the consumer when buyinging books in the Internet? What type of parts can be found in the recognized consumers when buying books in the Internet? What is the link by means of the recognized issues and consumer division groups? 1.6 Signposting of the Study Chapter One: Introduction In this chapter the background, rationale and significance of the research will be explained. There are also aims objectives, purpose research questions will be presented. Chapter Two: Related Literature This chapter provides relevant existing theories and models of online shopping and consumer buying behaviour as well as a model modified by the author. The working model builds upon the presented theories and is used as a foundation for the following analysis. Chapter Three: Research Methodology Strategy In this chapter, the research methodology strategy is presented. The research approach that has been adopted in order to answer the research questions and to meet the purpose is described and motivated. The research methods used in this work are as well described and discussed. Chapter Four: Data Analysis Result In this chapter the results of both the qualitative and quantitative research are presented. The results will follow the outline of the working model. Brief companies overviews are also presented. Chapter Five: Conclusion This chapter includes the conclusions of the research as well as reflections for recommendations, a discussion of the limitations and suggestions for further studies. Chapter Two: Related Literature Brief Narrative of E-Commerce While online developed into commercialised plus clients were gathering to take part within the World Wide Web (WWW) during the near beginning 1990s the word e- commerce was invented. E-commerce functions earliest expanded during the 1970s through modernization for example electronic finance shift. Afterwards the electronic data interchange (EDI) occured. The EDI expanded the band of taking part corporations since economic organization to producers, sellers, facilities, as well as other kind of trade (Turban et al., 2008). The cause to why it was executed was for the reason that it was an easy means to automatise buyings. Separately since with the intention of, it was a useful means to permit shops to connect their dealers to their collection record. This needs a costly confidential network link among the two business associates (Percival Straunik, 2001). Instructively, the development of e-commerce contains three cohorts. The initial cohort linked computers linked as well as records can be transmitted from one computer to a different computer. For the duration of the next cohort, the latest equipment as well as online prepared it achievable used for together corporations as well as customers buying taking place through the online. For the period of final cohort dissimilar value chains were associated to one another. Then business societies developed as well as reserves where mutual similar to the computer designed for preparation manufacture record (Fredholm, 2002). E- Commerce is a structure of the Internet trade connections which preserve be present during the entire means of purchasing plus retailing. The opportunity of electronic purchasing as well as retailing turned into a feasible alternative designed for more or less every company moreover e-commerce developed into general within commerce terms. Expected to this attractiveness lots of corporations started on the bandwagon with obviously presenting their facilities in the Internet; nearly all of the website to all intents and purposes gives information on the products they retailed (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002) Because the continuation of E-commerce developed big, its improvement ended to stay in the borders of purchasing as well as retailing of customer commodities. It has pushed leading administrators to rethink the means of a trade utilizes technology intended for improved achievement. Therefore, the www has problemed the denotation as well as importance of information plus technology which guided to an assessment of the connection among the two. Such as trade can discover it benefits to deal information like within the case of priceline.com (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002). The beginning of e-commerce as well engages the exploit of inter technologies. This technology is applied to improve an infrastructure, whose outcome permits a corporation dividing its information sources by trade associates as well as customers together on a home as well as worldwide stage. Through these technologies corporations moreover present better facilities plus issue them getting reasonable benefit. To this outcome, the majority corporations at present as well as days observe the want reconsidering their objectives, re-originate trade system, and also set up latest methodologies in respect to prospects plus confronts within other to take part into e-commerce. Hoque (2000) inside (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002) explained a corporations alteration during the online era like a developmentary means of four stages, which are brochureware, e-commerce, e-business, with ultimately e-enterprise. As said by Bandyo Panhyay, the brochureware period taking place during the midpoint of the 1990s while plenty of corporations bring in website which was no further than an electronic list. Since the past, a number of corporations have shifted up the range at the same time as a number of others continued fixed on the primary stage, simply like the organization of a functioning infrastructural makes the structure used for a corporations tour during this stage. He preceded more to describe e-commerce age like the commencement of the dotcom time with the B2C trade forms. This phase was noticeabled through the propagation of activate for example ebay.com and amazon.com which penetrated the Internet trade global retailing product plus facilities straight to customers, as well as a number of other corporations pursued match. On the other hand, it was a challenge to make a web existence plus formulate stipulation intended for value added facilities with the purpose of support, trade on the Internet, as well as continue a strong consumer base. Business Network, the manufacturing syndicate of corporations which apply, support plus construct e-commerce results in the online described e-commerce that the apply of online to change trade connections which walks off distant ahead of purchasing as well as retailing in the Internet. Within this meaning, information is capable of moreover be divided inside and transversely companies restrictions, latest connections are improved among trades plus over and above among trade plus consumers. Plenty of companies started to observe the prospective of the online used for B2B functions also this was what began the e-business age by means of a force in the direction of technological apply to make stronger central part trade systems. Now like lots of companies started to observe information like a most important trade source as well as regarded as its administration like one of the majority significant purposes. Moreover corporations realized to concentrate on information as well as awareness administration like a necessary factor of over the entire goals of their trades. Within expected route, improvement information with communications technology reserved rapidity during an endeavour to maintain this latest period. For the period of this phase, lots of corporations started to use the viewpoint of e-business constructing a trade form essential to maintain together B2B as well as B2C functions. Business Network named this phase the enterprise stage; where the online technologies are applied to carry out B2B trade performance essential to maintain their main proficiencies with giving the Internet consumer facilities which is characteristically of B2C e-commerce. Through the closing stages of twentieth century, lots of big corporations for example banks went into this age. Afterwards by means of improve during development of technology as well as trade form, swift changes within trade situatio n occured. For this reason, B2B corporations will more and more acclimatize their organization communications within the bricks and mortal system to accept a B2C form taking place one hand moreover B2C corporations will broadened their beliefs of customer focused form including B2B performance in contrast (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002). Several Trade Forms of E-Commerce Since described before, e-commerce taking place the foundation of online is put to develop into a important means of performing trade, but latest array of electronic commerce nowadays are being guided into a lot of divisions of the business used for B2B, B2C as well as Business to Public Administration (B2P) (Paul Timmers 1998). Also, he described that a trade form is a structural design used for commodities, facilities plus information flows, together with an explanation of the different areas, prospective advantages of different trade areas plus income resources. Since the watchings of online trades, information with technology facilitates a broad series of trade forms, technology gives no direction intended for choosing latest forms other than its improvement be capable of guide to characterization of latest forms, as a result the ability of circumstances of the skill technology rise like a decisive factor to form choice. Enlisted plus described under, are several trade forms expr essed via Paul Timmers (1998). E Shops E Shops are observed like a web advertising surroundings used for corporation by the use of online. Within the majority situations, this is prepared to support the corporation, its commodities plus facilities provided through the corporation. Further to corporations performance, there is prospect to entrance manufactured goods, costs, command plus disburse. Within this logic, there will be growth necessitates, a small price way to worldwide existence, furthermore price discount during promotions with auctions. As a result, customers preserve advantage decrease /different costs evaluate to usual deal. Because of this reality, there will be broader preference, cluster of information plus ease of choosing /optimizing cost. Also, purchasing as well as shipping together with 24/7 facilities is prepared obtainable. Within the majority situations retailers income are from cut down price of manufactured goods, enhance deals plus marketing, consequently for this reason there is require intended for costs to be flexible so transactions be able to be boosted. Cases of corporations which manage e-shops are; ebay, Amazon etc. Third Party Market This mould is appropriate while corporations desire to put down the network advertising to a 3rd party market. Within this situation, they recommend a customer interface to the providers manufactured goods list where they include attributes similar to; brand name, cost, payment, logistics, instructing as well as especially the complete range of protected business deal. Every customer who desires to buy manufactured goods at a third party market will have right of entry to complete information starting the primary retailer. A case of third market supplier is Fedex who delivers desirable quality orders plus lots of things. Virtual Society Virtual Society corporations usually offer surroundings where associates who are customers include their data after making buys. This data provides like the final importance of virtual socities corporations. Instructively, these corporations are able to be attached to another marketing operator with the purpose of construct consumer reliability, reactions as well as criticism (Hagel et al., 1997). Amazon is a case of a virtual corporation who transactions going on books as well as other goods throughout the online. Latest facilities plus opportunities of other trade forms such as electronic malls, partnership stage and so on are consequences of further roles of virtual corporations. Value Chain Facility Supplier This form focuses on particular roles used for the value chain for example electronic payments. Banks, such as include put themselves within this form quiet previously. Moreover, latest approaches are rising within manufacture / reserve organization where by, intermediaries suggests concentrated plus fin tuned manufacture to corporations. A model of value chain facility supplier is UPS (www.ups.com) E Auctions Electronic auction is not only observed like a form other than is furthermore observed like a costing system within active costing method. It presents an execution of bidding system. E Auctions are capable of came with through multimedia appearance of manufactured goods plus costs. Mainly frequently, they are confidential to this particular conclusiveness which as well contains combination of the bidding system through dealing payment plus shippment. Thus it provides enormous advantage to equally dealer plus purchasers with reduction time as well as price perhaps, intended for shipping in anticipation of the transaction has been well-known. Customer observe it like way formulating buy, for the reason that separately from the period it accumulates it them provides a chance to set out used for the manufactured goods by the cost they be capable of manage to pay for. Business to Consumer (B2C) E-commerce Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) among other types of e-commerce is the majority growing one all over the place companies implement business through consumer with the assist of online. However a little feature of business to business (B2B) is demotes to altercation among business plus customers. Cases of corporations which manage their trade through this type of Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce are; eBay, Amazon etc. Within this characteristic of e-commerce, the entire transactions performances, customer hunt, frequently ask questions (FAQ) are normally pursued in the Internet (Jeffrey et al., 2001). Lots of corporations have been capable making bigger their trades within an effective means in online, although several in point of fact have vanished keen on economic failure. Within another expression, B2C EC can furthermore be described like the idea of selling plus e-tailing, which involves transactions of commodities with facilities to particular customers in the Internet. Online, corporations attempt policies to flexible costing system which may possibly be applied within arriveing at customers, huge amounts to be accurate. As a result, one of these systems is index transactions which since the past are one of the matured ways exercised via corporations to perform transactions. Index transactions modified to customer recommend customers assistance since the confine of room plus period, as well it at no cost sellers, beginning the require of material shops by which they be capable of allocate goods. Selling carried out through online is entitled electronic retailing (e-tailing) which be able to be performed by way of auctions. It formulates it simpler in support of producers to trade straight to customers elimination intermediary. For instance corporations suppose Amazon, ebay, Abebooks, wal-mart etc. are keen on straight to customer online trade (Turban el at. 2008). These online corporations apply various systems to tell information of goods to customers plus these systems improves how adaptable they are within costs between other items. Furthermore, the central part information of these corporations communicates particularly to trade deals, such as information connected to combine of manufactured goods plus costs wished via customers. Therefore, this integrative information provides like a connection among sellers and customers. The information of goods that are retailed to customer does not merely improve buyings it as well provide corporations a concept of customer purchasing tendency. Through the concept corporations will aim for additional/improved business moreover consequently develop rising the goods plus costs are executed. Within other to profit from taking place the prospective of the online, active bricks plus mortal moreover index letters command corporations require to change their integrative information by their execution of costs on manufactured goods plus the whole corporation administration altogether. Past history used for B2C achievement investigated through earlier period researches highlight biased customers at every movement of their communication by way of EC. Suitable entrance to information within the method of buying is recommended within the sharp stage of Simons choice formulating form (Butler and Peppard 1998). While customers discover Internet shopping to be suitable, period well-organized plus cost discount consumers will be pleased by means of the common usefulness plus good organization of online buying means. Now when consumers will discover buying knowledge flattering if Internet sellers are reactive to costs separation, assessment, anxious plus dependable for the period of shopping system plus consequent relations among consumers (Paul et al., 2000). Pricing Matters Pricing matters during buyings is a reason, which has not to be taken too lightly; a number of studies put down additional importance happening another issue, which improves buyings with provide small or no concentration to pricing. The involvement of manufactured goods information carries a great deal of characteristic factor basis going on the particular customer. Within another word, it based on what the customer observes like significant concerning the data of manufactured goods that provides a primary desirability for shopping. After that, the value is one more feature to control or provide like a first choice, relatively bring about the customer to buy. Consistent with Morris and Paul (2000) within their study, they described about price, which is a factor of purchasing choice, which cannot be neglecting. They extended more describing with the purpose of a factor is positioned additional significant than price during creation buyings choice, afterwards it worth is measured to b e a prerequisite used for buying, except if the factor is positioned not as much of significant than price, at that time suitable array be capable of observed like first choice relatively that conditions. Therefore, price is a common determinant mainly designed for customers, who are price responsive. At present, the majority online corporations have observed the requirement to build prices like flexible as far as they are capable. Companies perform this, with planning plus pricing manufactured goods by means of modification, auctioning, advertisings etc., within a system that corresponds customers require/wish plus in consequence provide consumers prospect to create first choice. These really provide their trade a importance. If the data of goods retailed are extremely rotated to customers concentration, in that case, there is a great deal of pricing flexibility (Shapiro et al., 1999). Behavioural plus Advantage Segmentation At the same time as demographic, geographic and psychographic variables give corresponding depends used for the segmentation of the Internet clients, behavioural variables concentrates going on how to describe the clients concentration plus mail the clients the right letter (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Hassan, Craft Kortam (2003) deliberates behavioural characteristic segmentation like a non-usual segmentation method, because it categorizes customers depend ahead customers buying performance. Intended for the Internet segmentation these variables be able to present information taking place, such as, rate of recurrence of online entrance; shopping performance; stage of cooperativity; plus outline of data look for going on the website as well as another website (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Segmentation of buying performance is capable of moreover contain the scope of management of a manufactured goods, reliability performance with management circumstances (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999). Advantage segmentation is directly associated by way of behavioural segmentation, giving constructive data taking place the advantages a consumer waits for to obtain from making use of the manufactured goods (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999; Vyncke, 2002). These advantages are observed to guide a clients activities. Researchers have the same opinion with the purpose of advantage segmentation gives a precious view keen on the thoughts of the customer (Bhatnagar Ghose, 2004). In the same way, Wu (2001) asserts that advantages required is a useful segmentation variable, while customer first choices intended for the advantages be capable of determined used for one or a few online Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Effect of Online Shopping on the Consumer Abstract The revolution in information technology (IT) and communications has changed the way people do the shopping today. In recent years, increasing online shopping have been using the Internet and other electronic media for their shopping and people are diverted from offline to online. This research paper is based on the how does online shopping change consumer buying behaviour. Specially buying books through the internet. The main aim of this study was to examine if there are any particular factors that influence the online consumer buying behaviour. Primary information was collected from the London School of Commerce students survey because the students usually buy books from online or normal shop. Price, Trust and Convenience were were recognized as significant factors. For the maximum students price is the main vital issue. Moreover, three sectors were recognized, I) High Spenders, II) Price Easers, and III) Bargain Seekers. In the course of these sectors we found a variation of the different factors significance and recognized propositions for online book shops. Keywords: Online Shopping, Consumer, Online Books, amd Buying Behaviour. Acknowledgements Being a part of the academic community is most special. As a master student at the London School of Commerce (LSC), University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), the author has felt privileged and grateful. The author would like to therefore take this opportunity to express his gratitude to the many people (although it is impossible to list by name all) who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Firstly the author is highly indebted to Tom Reeves (London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) and wish to express his heart felt gratitude for his encouragement and approval of the above topic as a researchable topic. His constructive criticisms, comments and guidance are perhaps the secret behind the standard of this paper. Millions of thanks go to Students of London School of Commerce who helped me to survey the offline questionnaires around the Institute of London School of Commerce. Special appreciation goes to all the staff and tutors of the London School of Commerce, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff. Especially, Dr. Rajendra Kumar, Dr. Peter McGee, Michael Nieto, Prof. Geoffrey Lancaster, Mervyn Sookun, Ms. Ellie Semsar and Paul Reynolds for your encouragement, inspiration and innovative ideas impacted on me during and after the coursework the author says a big thank you. Finally my father, mother and my family members receive my deepest love and gratitude for their dedication and support for these years. However, the current author would like to make a declaration that this study is an addition to extant literature and was the main contributor of the overall paper. Whenever other peoples work is referred to, they are duly acknowledged. Therefore the author is solely responsible for any error and misrepresentation of facts. Shermim Akter Lucky Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Background of the Research The development of online has formed a hypothesis transfer of the usual system persons buying. A customer is no longer bound for opening periods or particular places; he is able to turn into dynamic by online whichever moment plus every position as well as buy products or facilities. Online is a comparatively latest means for contact as well as data swap, which has turned into present within our daily existence. Expansion into e-commerce potential is far-reaching through the international world as well as trade has completely been transformed exactly to these online improvements. Separately as of this viewpoint of its outcome, it as well spreads its effectiveness/ influence on other characteristic of human performance, which generate prospect intended for further improvement as well as regeneration. Khosrow Pour (2006), describes that, e-commerce (EC) ground is a varied one, connecting a lot of performance, business components, plus technologies, as well as it includes a structure of lots of substance between which is customer facilities. Peter Rucker (2002) in (Turban et al., 2004 plus 2006) describes e-commerce like a global sharing means intended for commodities, facility as well as astonishingly intended for administrative plus specialized work. Is intensely varying money matters, he described, marketplaces plus manufacturing configuration, products plus facilities as well as their runs ; customer segmentation, customer importances plus purchaser activities. Moreover lots of reviewers described electronic commerce like the entire automatically intervened operation among an association plus any third party it transactions through (Chaffey, 2004, Pg. 7). Turban et al., (2006) within his more description, alleged e-commerce is able to be noticed as of the viewpoint of contact, facility, business education and so on. We are able to monitor that the entire the explanations heats along to the similar viewpoint of what electronic commerce is regarding. E-commerce the same as we require to identify is a broadly considered matter. It includes a lot of features which contain; Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Business (C2B) etc., however present research is intended for focusing its highlighting happening Business to Consumer. Business to Consumer (B2C) is the mainly increasing one where corporations execute trade by means of customers in the Internet. A main achievement issue of Business to Consumer is locating what customers wish within words of facility, superiority, as well as cost (Turban et al., 2008). Online shopping is the method customers attempt in the course of while they choose shopping taking place online. As a result, online has improved to a very reasonable marketplace, where the rivalry more than the customer is violent. With the purpose of include an effect taking place as well as maintain customers, within a reasonable marketplace, Constantinides (2004) declared that the initial movement is recognizing particular affecting characteristics while buying in the Internet, these are able to be considered as issues. The objective of this research is to build up plus operate a form describing as well as guess implementation of the Internet customer look for plus buying performances depend taking place a combination of effectiveness maximization hypothesis plus customer acceptance assumption that deliberates inspirations (distinguished improvement) developed from the Internet search / buy as well as prices connected by the Internet search / buy. 1.2 Rationale of the Research The purpose of the research is mainly recognizing with acquire close by into what key issues the Internet customer gets into consideration while buying books in the Internet, since books are the most usually purchased product in online (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Online-Forschung e.V. [AGOF e.V.], 2007). Moreover, in this research will examine if any divisions are able to be recognized with recognizing the customers and how these divisions communicate to the recognized issues. The findings of the present study will be summarized as suggestions for the Internet book sellers with the purpose of improve their customer information as well as build up their Internet marketing strategy efficiency. 1.3 Significance of the Research The business-to-consumer is the largely noticeable trade kind of e-commerce. Internet shopping permits corporations giving product data as well as straight transactions to their customers. With the intention of successfully make customers believing electronic commerce plus Internet dealings, readily available an vital require recognizing the issues which effect customer behaviour on the way to carry on consume of Internet dealings. The benefits of Internet shopping dealings are renowned. The largest part general motivations designed for customers shopping in the Internet are convenience, wider choices, reasonable costing, as well as bigger entrance to data. Conversely, Internet transactions quantity even now stays on comparatively small evaluated to alternative transaction types. Many earlier studies have illustrated that apparent causes contain protection plus confidentiality matters, be short of awareness by the medium, as well as the appropriateness of products to be retailed. In reality within the B2C e-commerce, a customer has the twice function of the product buyer plus information technology (website) client. To the shopper within electronic commerce, the website technique is a complete demonstration of the shopping. Such as, a number of well-known Internet purchasing websites (eBay, Amazon etc.) greatly based on information technology (IT) within their trade approaches. Within the majority usual corporations, were brick and mortor trades are performed customers accomplish operations through face-to-face, telephone, report administrators, persons etc. On the contrary, nowadays trade everywhere the planet is at present worldwide, the purchaser boundary within electronic surroundings is display-to-face communication method which insists a machine denotes of Personal Computer depend screens, ATM devices, personal Laptops and many more electronic tools to talk about some. As a result, online is the only communication systems among the company and the clients, therefore it situates huge liability taking place the company to acquire as well as characterize the consumers knowledge, for the reason that there is frequently no opportunity intended for straight individual involvement for the period of meeting. Thus it provides a path in support of a enquiry, which is; Does this line provide like a certain path to disclose costs which be able to also influence c ustomers as well as finish buy with no trouble? Furthermore, how do these corporations which are ease within cost (modified/make specially, perform auctions, trades advertising) Internet vary from corporations which provide steady/permanent pricing systems? 1.4 Aims Objectives To identify the suitable cause that drive consumer to purchase books online; To give a organized and complete evaluation of online consumer buying behaviour; To analysis the exact reasons and charges have on books search and purchase decisions between Internet shoppers global; To suggest an integrated outline that improves our understanding of the fundamental motivating issues of online book consumer behaviour; To give directions used for future investigate in online consumer buying behaviour area. 1.5 Purpose and Research Questions The purpose of this research is to describe how online shopping manipulates consumer buying behaviour for buying books online. There are lots of matters related to this srudy question; however we will simply focus on buying books online. The study problems we plan to answer are: What key issues influence the Internet consumer while considering and creation for buying through the Internet? How do these issues manipulate the consumer when buyinging books in the Internet? What type of parts can be found in the recognized consumers when buying books in the Internet? What is the link by means of the recognized issues and consumer division groups? 1.6 Signposting of the Study Chapter One: Introduction In this chapter the background, rationale and significance of the research will be explained. There are also aims objectives, purpose research questions will be presented. Chapter Two: Related Literature This chapter provides relevant existing theories and models of online shopping and consumer buying behaviour as well as a model modified by the author. The working model builds upon the presented theories and is used as a foundation for the following analysis. Chapter Three: Research Methodology Strategy In this chapter, the research methodology strategy is presented. The research approach that has been adopted in order to answer the research questions and to meet the purpose is described and motivated. The research methods used in this work are as well described and discussed. Chapter Four: Data Analysis Result In this chapter the results of both the qualitative and quantitative research are presented. The results will follow the outline of the working model. Brief companies overviews are also presented. Chapter Five: Conclusion This chapter includes the conclusions of the research as well as reflections for recommendations, a discussion of the limitations and suggestions for further studies. Chapter Two: Related Literature Brief Narrative of E-Commerce While online developed into commercialised plus clients were gathering to take part within the World Wide Web (WWW) during the near beginning 1990s the word e- commerce was invented. E-commerce functions earliest expanded during the 1970s through modernization for example electronic finance shift. Afterwards the electronic data interchange (EDI) occured. The EDI expanded the band of taking part corporations since economic organization to producers, sellers, facilities, as well as other kind of trade (Turban et al., 2008). The cause to why it was executed was for the reason that it was an easy means to automatise buyings. Separately since with the intention of, it was a useful means to permit shops to connect their dealers to their collection record. This needs a costly confidential network link among the two business associates (Percival Straunik, 2001). Instructively, the development of e-commerce contains three cohorts. The initial cohort linked computers linked as well as records can be transmitted from one computer to a different computer. For the duration of the next cohort, the latest equipment as well as online prepared it achievable used for together corporations as well as customers buying taking place through the online. For the period of final cohort dissimilar value chains were associated to one another. Then business societies developed as well as reserves where mutual similar to the computer designed for preparation manufacture record (Fredholm, 2002). E- Commerce is a structure of the Internet trade connections which preserve be present during the entire means of purchasing plus retailing. The opportunity of electronic purchasing as well as retailing turned into a feasible alternative designed for more or less every company moreover e-commerce developed into general within commerce terms. Expected to this attractiveness lots of corporations started on the bandwagon with obviously presenting their facilities in the Internet; nearly all of the website to all intents and purposes gives information on the products they retailed (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002) Because the continuation of E-commerce developed big, its improvement ended to stay in the borders of purchasing as well as retailing of customer commodities. It has pushed leading administrators to rethink the means of a trade utilizes technology intended for improved achievement. Therefore, the www has problemed the denotation as well as importance of information plus technology which guided to an assessment of the connection among the two. Such as trade can discover it benefits to deal information like within the case of priceline.com (N. Bandyo Panhyay, 2002). The beginning of e-commerce as well engages the exploit of inter technologies. This technology is applied to improve an infrastructure, whose outcome permits a corporation dividing its information sources by trade associates as well as customers together on a home as well as worldwide stage. Through these technologies corporations moreover present better facilities plus issue them getting reasonable benefit. To this outcome, the majority corporations at present as well as days observe the want reconsidering their objectives, re-originate trade system, and also set up latest methodologies in respect to prospects plus confronts within other to take part into e-commerce. Hoque (2000) inside (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002) explained a corporations alteration during the online era like a developmentary means of four stages, which are brochureware, e-commerce, e-business, with ultimately e-enterprise. As said by Bandyo Panhyay, the brochureware period taking place during the midpoint of the 1990s while plenty of corporations bring in website which was no further than an electronic list. Since the past, a number of corporations have shifted up the range at the same time as a number of others continued fixed on the primary stage, simply like the organization of a functioning infrastructural makes the structure used for a corporations tour during this stage. He preceded more to describe e-commerce age like the commencement of the dotcom time with the B2C trade forms. This phase was noticeabled through the propagation of activate for example ebay.com and amazon.com which penetrated the Internet trade global retailing product plus facilities straight to customers, as well as a number of other corporations pursued match. On the other hand, it was a challenge to make a web existence plus formulate stipulation intended for value added facilities with the purpose of support, trade on the Internet, as well as continue a strong consumer base. Business Network, the manufacturing syndicate of corporations which apply, support plus construct e-commerce results in the online described e-commerce that the apply of online to change trade connections which walks off distant ahead of purchasing as well as retailing in the Internet. Within this meaning, information is capable of moreover be divided inside and transversely companies restrictions, latest connections are improved among trades plus over and above among trade plus consumers. Plenty of companies started to observe the prospective of the online used for B2B functions also this was what began the e-business age by means of a force in the direction of technological apply to make stronger central part trade systems. Now like lots of companies started to observe information like a most important trade source as well as regarded as its administration like one of the majority significant purposes. Moreover corporations realized to concentrate on information as well as awareness administration like a necessary factor of over the entire goals of their trades. Within expected route, improvement information with communications technology reserved rapidity during an endeavour to maintain this latest period. For the period of this phase, lots of corporations started to use the viewpoint of e-business constructing a trade form essential to maintain together B2B as well as B2C functions. Business Network named this phase the enterprise stage; where the online technologies are applied to carry out B2B trade performance essential to maintain their main proficiencies with giving the Internet consumer facilities which is characteristically of B2C e-commerce. Through the closing stages of twentieth century, lots of big corporations for example banks went into this age. Afterwards by means of improve during development of technology as well as trade form, swift changes within trade situatio n occured. For this reason, B2B corporations will more and more acclimatize their organization communications within the bricks and mortal system to accept a B2C form taking place one hand moreover B2C corporations will broadened their beliefs of customer focused form including B2B performance in contrast (N. Bandyo Panhyay 2002). Several Trade Forms of E-Commerce Since described before, e-commerce taking place the foundation of online is put to develop into a important means of performing trade, but latest array of electronic commerce nowadays are being guided into a lot of divisions of the business used for B2B, B2C as well as Business to Public Administration (B2P) (Paul Timmers 1998). Also, he described that a trade form is a structural design used for commodities, facilities plus information flows, together with an explanation of the different areas, prospective advantages of different trade areas plus income resources. Since the watchings of online trades, information with technology facilitates a broad series of trade forms, technology gives no direction intended for choosing latest forms other than its improvement be capable of guide to characterization of latest forms, as a result the ability of circumstances of the skill technology rise like a decisive factor to form choice. Enlisted plus described under, are several trade forms expr essed via Paul Timmers (1998). E Shops E Shops are observed like a web advertising surroundings used for corporation by the use of online. Within the majority situations, this is prepared to support the corporation, its commodities plus facilities provided through the corporation. Further to corporations performance, there is prospect to entrance manufactured goods, costs, command plus disburse. Within this logic, there will be growth necessitates, a small price way to worldwide existence, furthermore price discount during promotions with auctions. As a result, customers preserve advantage decrease /different costs evaluate to usual deal. Because of this reality, there will be broader preference, cluster of information plus ease of choosing /optimizing cost. Also, purchasing as well as shipping together with 24/7 facilities is prepared obtainable. Within the majority situations retailers income are from cut down price of manufactured goods, enhance deals plus marketing, consequently for this reason there is require intended for costs to be flexible so transactions be able to be boosted. Cases of corporations which manage e-shops are; ebay, Amazon etc. Third Party Market This mould is appropriate while corporations desire to put down the network advertising to a 3rd party market. Within this situation, they recommend a customer interface to the providers manufactured goods list where they include attributes similar to; brand name, cost, payment, logistics, instructing as well as especially the complete range of protected business deal. Every customer who desires to buy manufactured goods at a third party market will have right of entry to complete information starting the primary retailer. A case of third market supplier is Fedex who delivers desirable quality orders plus lots of things. Virtual Society Virtual Society corporations usually offer surroundings where associates who are customers include their data after making buys. This data provides like the final importance of virtual socities corporations. Instructively, these corporations are able to be attached to another marketing operator with the purpose of construct consumer reliability, reactions as well as criticism (Hagel et al., 1997). Amazon is a case of a virtual corporation who transactions going on books as well as other goods throughout the online. Latest facilities plus opportunities of other trade forms such as electronic malls, partnership stage and so on are consequences of further roles of virtual corporations. Value Chain Facility Supplier This form focuses on particular roles used for the value chain for example electronic payments. Banks, such as include put themselves within this form quiet previously. Moreover, latest approaches are rising within manufacture / reserve organization where by, intermediaries suggests concentrated plus fin tuned manufacture to corporations. A model of value chain facility supplier is UPS (www.ups.com) E Auctions Electronic auction is not only observed like a form other than is furthermore observed like a costing system within active costing method. It presents an execution of bidding system. E Auctions are capable of came with through multimedia appearance of manufactured goods plus costs. Mainly frequently, they are confidential to this particular conclusiveness which as well contains combination of the bidding system through dealing payment plus shippment. Thus it provides enormous advantage to equally dealer plus purchasers with reduction time as well as price perhaps, intended for shipping in anticipation of the transaction has been well-known. Customer observe it like way formulating buy, for the reason that separately from the period it accumulates it them provides a chance to set out used for the manufactured goods by the cost they be capable of manage to pay for. Business to Consumer (B2C) E-commerce Business to consumer e-commerce (B2C) among other types of e-commerce is the majority growing one all over the place companies implement business through consumer with the assist of online. However a little feature of business to business (B2B) is demotes to altercation among business plus customers. Cases of corporations which manage their trade through this type of Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce are; eBay, Amazon etc. Within this characteristic of e-commerce, the entire transactions performances, customer hunt, frequently ask questions (FAQ) are normally pursued in the Internet (Jeffrey et al., 2001). Lots of corporations have been capable making bigger their trades within an effective means in online, although several in point of fact have vanished keen on economic failure. Within another expression, B2C EC can furthermore be described like the idea of selling plus e-tailing, which involves transactions of commodities with facilities to particular customers in the Internet. Online, corporations attempt policies to flexible costing system which may possibly be applied within arriveing at customers, huge amounts to be accurate. As a result, one of these systems is index transactions which since the past are one of the matured ways exercised via corporations to perform transactions. Index transactions modified to customer recommend customers assistance since the confine of room plus period, as well it at no cost sellers, beginning the require of material shops by which they be capable of allocate goods. Selling carried out through online is entitled electronic retailing (e-tailing) which be able to be performed by way of auctions. It formulates it simpler in support of producers to trade straight to customers elimination intermediary. For instance corporations suppose Amazon, ebay, Abebooks, wal-mart etc. are keen on straight to customer online trade (Turban el at. 2008). These online corporations apply various systems to tell information of goods to customers plus these systems improves how adaptable they are within costs between other items. Furthermore, the central part information of these corporations communicates particularly to trade deals, such as information connected to combine of manufactured goods plus costs wished via customers. Therefore, this integrative information provides like a connection among sellers and customers. The information of goods that are retailed to customer does not merely improve buyings it as well provide corporations a concept of customer purchasing tendency. Through the concept corporations will aim for additional/improved business moreover consequently develop rising the goods plus costs are executed. Within other to profit from taking place the prospective of the online, active bricks plus mortal moreover index letters command corporations require to change their integrative information by their execution of costs on manufactured goods plus the whole corporation administration altogether. Past history used for B2C achievement investigated through earlier period researches highlight biased customers at every movement of their communication by way of EC. Suitable entrance to information within the method of buying is recommended within the sharp stage of Simons choice formulating form (Butler and Peppard 1998). While customers discover Internet shopping to be suitable, period well-organized plus cost discount consumers will be pleased by means of the common usefulness plus good organization of online buying means. Now when consumers will discover buying knowledge flattering if Internet sellers are reactive to costs separation, assessment, anxious plus dependable for the period of shopping system plus consequent relations among consumers (Paul et al., 2000). Pricing Matters Pricing matters during buyings is a reason, which has not to be taken too lightly; a number of studies put down additional importance happening another issue, which improves buyings with provide small or no concentration to pricing. The involvement of manufactured goods information carries a great deal of characteristic factor basis going on the particular customer. Within another word, it based on what the customer observes like significant concerning the data of manufactured goods that provides a primary desirability for shopping. After that, the value is one more feature to control or provide like a first choice, relatively bring about the customer to buy. Consistent with Morris and Paul (2000) within their study, they described about price, which is a factor of purchasing choice, which cannot be neglecting. They extended more describing with the purpose of a factor is positioned additional significant than price during creation buyings choice, afterwards it worth is measured to b e a prerequisite used for buying, except if the factor is positioned not as much of significant than price, at that time suitable array be capable of observed like first choice relatively that conditions. Therefore, price is a common determinant mainly designed for customers, who are price responsive. At present, the majority online corporations have observed the requirement to build prices like flexible as far as they are capable. Companies perform this, with planning plus pricing manufactured goods by means of modification, auctioning, advertisings etc., within a system that corresponds customers require/wish plus in consequence provide consumers prospect to create first choice. These really provide their trade a importance. If the data of goods retailed are extremely rotated to customers concentration, in that case, there is a great deal of pricing flexibility (Shapiro et al., 1999). Behavioural plus Advantage Segmentation At the same time as demographic, geographic and psychographic variables give corresponding depends used for the segmentation of the Internet clients, behavioural variables concentrates going on how to describe the clients concentration plus mail the clients the right letter (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Hassan, Craft Kortam (2003) deliberates behavioural characteristic segmentation like a non-usual segmentation method, because it categorizes customers depend ahead customers buying performance. Intended for the Internet segmentation these variables be able to present information taking place, such as, rate of recurrence of online entrance; shopping performance; stage of cooperativity; plus outline of data look for going on the website as well as another website (Ruiz Lassala, 2006). Segmentation of buying performance is capable of moreover contain the scope of management of a manufactured goods, reliability performance with management circumstances (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999). Advantage segmentation is directly associated by way of behavioural segmentation, giving constructive data taking place the advantages a consumer waits for to obtain from making use of the manufactured goods (Solomon, Bamossy Askegaard, 1999; Vyncke, 2002). These advantages are observed to guide a clients activities. Researchers have the same opinion with the purpose of advantage segmentation gives a precious view keen on the thoughts of the customer (Bhatnagar Ghose, 2004). In the same way, Wu (2001) asserts that advantages required is a useful segmentation variable, while customer first choices intended for the advantages be capable of determined used for one or a few online