Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

An Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) (now referred to as residual menses circuit breaker) is a safety device apply in electrical institutions with high ball impedance to prevent shock. History ELCBs were importantly used on TT earthing systems. Nowadays, ELCBs hold been mostly replaced by residual-current devices (RCDs). merely many ELCBs atomic number 18 still in use. Early ELCBs responded to sine wave fracture currents, but not to rectified happy chance current. Over time, filtering against aversion trips has to a fault improved.Early ELCBs thus offer a little less safety and higher risk of nuisance trip. The ability to distinguish between a fault condition and non-risk conditions is called discrimination. ELCB manufacturers include Legrand, Havells, ABB, Siemens AG, Areva T&D, Camsco, Telemecanique, Orion Italia, Crabtree, MEM. edit Types There argon two types of ELCB electromotive force operated and, current operated. edit Voltage-operated Voltage-operated ELCBs were introduced in the early 20th century, and provided a study advance in safety for mains electrical supplies with inadequate earth impedance.V-ELCBs have been in widespread use since then, and many atomic number 18 still in doing but ar no longer installed in new construction. A potential-operated ELCB detects a rise in potential between the protected interconnected metalworking (equipment frames, conduits, enclosures) and a distant isolated earth reference electrode. They operate at a detected potential of around 50 volts to open a main breaker and isolate the supply from the protected premises. 2 A voltage-operated ELCB has a second enclosureinal for connecting to the remote reference earth connection.The earth circuit is modified when an ELCB is used the connection to the earth rod is fouled through the ELCB by connecting to its two earth terminals. One terminal goes to the readiness earth CPC (circuit Power system protection protective conductor, aka earth wire), and t he another(prenominal) to the earth rod (or sometimes other type of earth connection). Disadvantages of the voltage-operated ELCB are the requirement for a second connection, and the possibility that any additional connection to earth on the protected system can disable the detector. edit Current-operated Current-operated ELCBs are generally known as Residual-current devices (RCD). These also protect against earth leakage. Both circuit conductors (supply and return) are run through a sensing coil any imbalance of the currents means the magnetic field does not perfectly cancel. The device detects the imbalance and trips the contact. When the term ELCB is used it usually means a voltage-operated device. Similar devices that are current operated are called residual-current devices.However, some companies use the term ELCB to distinguish high sensitivity current operated 3 phase devices that trip in the milliamp range from traditional 3 phase ground fault devices that operate at much h igher currents (traditional gf devices are insensitive due to the error inherently associated with the summation of currents from multiple current transformers). edit Connection edit Operation An ELCB is a specialised type of latching relay that has a buildings entrance mains power connected through its switching contacts so that the ELCB disconnects the power in an earth leakage (unsafe) condition.The ELCB detects fault currents from feel to the earth (ground) wire within the installation it protects. If sufficient voltage appears across the ELCBs sense coil, it allow for switch off the power, and remain off until manually reset. A voltage-sensing ELCB does not sense fault currents from live to any other earthed body. edit Advantages ELCBs have one advantage oer RCDs they are less sensitive to fault conditions, and on that pointfore have fewer nuisance trips. (This does not mean they always do, as practical performance depends on installation details and the discrimination enha ncing filtering in the ELCB. Therefore by electrically separating cable armour from cable CPC, an ELCB can be arranged to protect against cable damage only, and not trip on faults in downline installations. edit Disadvantages ELCBs have some disadvantages They do not detect faults that dont pass current through the CPC to the earth rod. They do not allow a single building system to be easily discriminate into multiple sections with independent fault protection, because earthing systems are usually bonded to pipework. They whitethorn be tripped by external voltages from something connected to the earthing system such(prenominal) as metal pipes, a TN-S earth or a TN-C-S combined neutral and earth. As with RCDs, electrically leaky appliances such as some water heaters, airstream machines and cookers may cause the ELCB to trip. ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into the earthing system. edit Earth bypassing It is not unusual for ELCB protect ed installation to have a second unintentional connection to earth somewhere, one that does not pass through the ELCB sense coil.This can occur via metal pipework in contact with the ground, metal structural framework, outdoor home appliances in contact with soil, and so on. When this occurs, fault current may pass to earth without being feel by the ELCB. Despite this, perhaps counterintuitively, the operation of the ELCB is not compromised. The purpose of the ELCB is to prevent earthed metalwork rising to a dangerous voltage during fault conditions, and the ELCB continues to do this nevertheless the same, the ELCB will still cut the power at the same CPC voltage level. (The difference is that higher fault current is then needed to reach this voltage. ) edit abuse tripsWhile voltage and current on the earth line is usually fault current from a live wire, this is not always the case, thus there are situations in which an ELCB can nuisance trip. When an installation has two connect ions to earth, a nearby high current lightning strike will cause a voltage gradient in the soil, presenting the ELCB sense coil with enough voltage to cause it to trip. If the installations earth rod is placed close to the earth rod of a neighbouring building, a high earth leakage current in the other building can raise the local ground potential and cause a voltage difference across the two earths, again tripping the ELCB.Close earth rods are unsuitable for ELCB use for this reason, but in real life such installations are sometimes encountered. Both RCDs and ELCBs are prone to nuisance trips from normal harmless earth leakage to some degree. On one hand ELCBs are on average older, and hence tend to have less well developed filtering against nuisance trips, and on the other hand ELCBs are inherently resistant to some of the causes of false trips RCDs suffer, and are generally less sensitive than RCDs. In practice RCD nuisance trips are much more common.Another cause of nuisance trip ping is due to accumulated or file currents caused by items with lowered insulation resistance. This may occur due to older equipment, or equipment with heating elements, or even wiring in buildings in the tropics where prolonged damp and rain conditions can cause the insulation resistance to lower due to moisture tracking. If there is a 30 mA protective device in use and there is a 10mA burden from various sources then the unit will trip at 20 mA. The individual items may each be electrically safe but a large number of small burden currents accumulates and reduces the tripping level.This was more a problem in past installations where multiple circuits were protected by a single ELCB. Heating elements of the tubular form are filled with a very fine powder that can absorb moisture if the element has not be used for some time. In the tropics, this may occur, for example if a clothes drier has not been used for a year or a large water boiler used for cocoa etc. has been in storage. In such cases, if the unit is allowed to power up without RCD protection then it will normally dry out and successfully pass inspection. This type of problem can be seen even with brand new equipment. edit Failure to respond Some ELCBs do not respond to rectified fault current. This issue is the same in principle with ELCBs and RCDs, but ELCBs are on average much older and specs have improved considerably over the years, so an old ELCB is more likely to have some uncommon fault current waveform that it will not respond to. With any mechanical device, failures occur, and ELCBs should ideally be tested periodically to ensure they still work. If either of the earth wires become disconnected from the ELCB, it will no longer trip and the installation will often no longer be properly earthed