Immanuel Kant Essay

initiation 1What does ism mean? -Everyone has a philosophical system -We suck in ideas concerning things, people, the marrow of sustenance, death, God, what is nigh(a) and unwholesome. -We may support certain attitudes to life, certain ship slewal of looking at things. -For example -I am an optimist. I plunder evermore front a positive side to close unhappy situations. -I dont conceive in worrying too much. I count on ab break through today. Tomorrow go off take c be of itself. -Although an individual(a) seize this to be his ism and rightly so. entirely this is not philosophy as a discipline. It is too broad, vague, superficial, impersonal and unclear.It does not adequately describe the work of a philosopher. -We pick out to define philosophy more specifically. 2The reciprocation philosophy. -The Word Philosophy. -Philia ( adore) + Sophia (wisdom) = the eff of wisdom. 3Definitions of philosophy a. The study of the reputation and meaning of the piece race and of human life Online Oxford mod Learners Dictionary. b. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the humanness as a whole. 4What does philosophy seek to do? -Philosophy seeks to sample first harmonic questions about the population and about ourselves with the look forward to of coming up with consistent principles by which we can understand and live.5Human beings prevail always seek answers to certain fundamental questions What are these fundamental questions? -What makes an action write or wrong? -What is my purpose in the manhood? -What is truth? -What makes a good life? -Is God important in our lives? -Where does experience come from and how do we know that our noesis is true. -What is the relationship betwixt mind and remains? 6why do we withdraw philosophy? Why do we need philosophy when we have acquaintance and technology? -We have advance so much in science and technology -We live in cities, we have conquered the air and have ventured into space?-Commu nication is so developed that distance no continuing matters -We have immense power everyplace nature -We are able to get under ones skin more goods and services than ever originally -So, why do we still need philosophy? 7Yet all these advances cause us to be disturbed and anxious -There is a danger that the very technology we have developed could destroy us. -For example atomic technology. -We seem to be uneffective to plow with the problems of war, famine, terror, distribution of wealth, pollution, the threatened extinction of wildlife, maturation and oppression of the weak . -Knowledge and values have the appearance _or_ semblance to be divorced.-This is where philosophy comes in. It helps us to examine our lives as individuals and groups. -Philosophy may not be able to provide solutions to all the humans problems. But it helps to examine issues clearly, view options and help us to make advised decisions. -With poor, incomplete and shallow reasoning we cannot found an enlightened society -If we are unable to manage amongst valid and disable reasoning, then we become victims of persuasive orators, madness leaders and unscrupulous political leaders. -Philosophy helps us to see more deeply and clearly into an issue.It helps us to question traditional and outdate beliefs so that we can make informed choices -Knowledge of honorable systems help us to live honourable lives at the personal and communitarian level. -Knowledge of what constitutes beauty helps us to appreciate and respect differences in individual and cultural concepts of beauty and ruse. -Being able to think life-sustainingly will help us to be aware of either inconclusive and oppressive beliefs in religion. 8The traditional divisions of philosophy. a. system of logic b. Metaphysics c. Epistemology d. Value Theory LOGIC aLogic.-The regular study of rules to distinguish or notice good adducements from bad. -In an argument, groups will give contend views. -How do we know which argument is good and which is not good. -Logic helps us to do so by providing rules to recognize right argument from wrong argument. -It is pertain with tests to find out which arguments are valid. -Logic runs through all the opposite branches of philosophy. METAPHYSICS -bMetaphysics The study of the nature of being and of the world. -It is concerned with the fundamental nature of all existentity, twain visible and invisible.-It asks what reality is, why it is, and how we can understand it. Ontology That part of metaphysics that studies being or existence. EPISTEMOLOGY cEpistemology The study of the sources, nature and validity of intimacy. -It deals with issues identical -What are the sources of acquaintance? (Origin of knowledge) -Where does genuine knowledge come from? -How do we know? -What is the nature of knowledge? (Appearance and reality) -Is there a real world outside the mind? -If so, can we know it? -Is our knowledge valid? (Truth/Verification) -How do we dis tinguish truth from error? dickens traditional schools of thought have sought to answer the questions above -Rationalism -Human reason all can disc everyplace the basic principles of the universe -Empiricism -All knowledge ultimately comes from sense experience, and accordingly our knowledge is limited to what can be experienced. There is a relationship between metaphysics and epistemology. Our taste of reality (metaphysics) depends on our understanding of what can be known (epistemology). Our speculation of knowledge (epistemology) depends on how we understand ourselves in relation to the whole of reality (metaphysics). harbor THEORY dValue Theory The branch of philosophy that studies values. -It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy. iethics is concerned with morality right or wrong behavior. -the three areas of ethics are descriptive, normative and metaethics. -descriptive ethics (what is ) identifies motives, desire and intentions o f human conduct and acts. It describes moral actions. -normative ethics (what ought to be) proposes the principles by which people ought to act and live. These are called ethical theories. -Meta-ethics(analysis) on how we understand, know about, and what we mean when we gurgle about what is right and what is wrong. It deals with the meaning of find out concepts, techniques of reasoning and analysis, and linguistic conventions It deals with matters interchangeable what do moral terms mean? What crystallise of mental state is involved in accepting a moral subscribe a belief, an emotion? Is there any sort of moral reality or facts? Is ethical knowledge attainable? If so, how? In fact, drawing the conceptual distinction between Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics is itself a metaethical analysis. ii. Aestheticsis concerned with the theory of art and beauty. -Many philosophical problems in aesthetics involve critical judgements.? -It deals with concepts of concepts of beauty. Is beauty subjective or fair game? iii. Social and political philosophyisconcerned with value judgments concerning society, the state and the individuals relation to these institutions -It deals with issues like -Why should individuals live in society? -What should be the social ideals of liberty, rights, justice, equality and responsibility -Why should anyone go after any goernment?-Why should some individuals or groups have political power over others -Who should have political power over others? -What should the scope of political power be? -What are the goals of government? Glossary 1philosophyphilia (love) + Sophia (wisdom) = the love of wisdom 2logicThe systematic study of rules to distinguish or recognize good arguments from bad 3metaphysicsThe study of the nature of being and of the world 4epistemologyThe study of the sources, nature and validity of knowledge 5value theoryThe branch of philosophy that studies values.It can be subdivided into ethics, aesthetics, an d social and political philosophy. 6rationalismHuman reason alone can discover the basic principles of the universe 7empiricismAll knowledge ultimately comes from sense experience, and wherefore our knowledge is limited to what can be experienced 8aesthetics Is concerned with the theory of art and beauty.