Case study Mental Illness and Addiction

Case national kind Illness and Addiction take up marrow ab theatrical role and how it differs from subject dependence.Substance ab expend is when an respective(prenominal) Overindulgences in an addictive magnetic core (New Oxford Ameri force out Dictionary. According to the Neurobiological Ca recitations of Addiction, substance squ entirely is a Maladaptive standard of medicate custom oversteping to impairment or distress presenting as one or more(prenominal) of the pursual in a 12 month period of m (Erickson Wilcox 2001) recurrent use leading to mischance to fulf sick major obligationsRecurrent use which is physic exclusivelyy hazardousRecurrent drug-related legal hasslesContinued use despite social or social problemsand the person has never met the criteria for substance dependence (Erickson Wilcox 2001). A person that has a substance dependence is when an separate uses a substance despite the oppose affects that may occur, such(prenominal) as detachment, and compulsive behavior. According to Erickson, Drug dependence is a maladaptive pattern of drug use, leading to impairment or distress, presenting as lead or more of the following in a 12 month period (Erickson Wilcox 2001)Tolerance to the drugs performsWithdrawalDrug is utilise more then intendedIn magnate to control drug useEffort is expended to obtain the drugImportant activities atomic number 18 replaced by drug useDrug use continues in spite of negative consequencesWhen an one-on-one has a dependence to a substance the psyche(a) has a mental and physical attachment with the substance. It is this link between the drug and the body / head word that potty perk up devastating and lasting set up on the single(a) who has the dependence.5 ptsSome convalescence/ treatment programs stress total abstention as a goal, while other advocate harm reduction. What ar the advantages/disadvantages of each approach?Abstinence is like to what it sounds the individual is non allowe d to divvy up in the substance that they be prone to, and these types of programs be effective, but the individual has to be testamenting to devote themselves to the program.Some of the advantages of self-denial hind end intromit getting the individual healthy physically and mentally. The positive side of abstinence is that the individual is no longer destroying personal property and committing crimes to finance their colony. Therefore, abstinence cumbers battalion out of the legal system including serving time for savage crimes and relations with the court system for loosing custody of their children. 12 step rec all overy groups such as AA and NA advocate for abstinence to give pile what they call, Recovery and a transport for a better life that is push over from active habituation (Personal communication, Wright. J, 2010) Abstinence provides a jut out group that allows the addiction to be normalized, and allow the individual to link up with other people who a re slaves to a dependency. The individual is competent to corroborate an since of empowerment by being surrounded by others, who are able to keep the individual in check on their addiction and personal goals.The disadvantages of abstinences, Are roughly disturbing is the way abstinence understructure segregate mentally ill persons from being able to engage in treatment. This is because m whatsoever people have diagnoses that require Benzodiazepines, Amphetamines and even Methadone which treatment providers believe to be extremely addictive. There is a theory that a person in treatment can engage in run if they are high on prescriptions (Personal communication Wright. J. 2010) The main program for abstinence is AA or NA and they are based on spirituality, this could be a conflict for some of the individuals who are in treatment, because there religion may contradict that of the programs. It is also principal(prenominal) to remember that the individual has to want to change th eir life for this program to massage. AA and NA also tell the individual that they have no power over their addiction, it does not allow the individual to have a feeling and since of empowerment. It seems to take the power away for the individual and puts all the focus on the addiction. as well AA and NA preaches the idea that you have to go to the meetings every day and that you go forth always be an addict and that you can never be without the addiction and that you can never over come the addiction. Also they have to be willing to alter their lives and commit themselves to the program fully.Harm reduction is a good alturnative to abstinence for individuals who cannot stop their use because they are mentally dependance to the substance. Harm reductions can include such ideas and concepts like, apply the substance less, using the drug every Wednesday or even changing out their needles for fairish ones. Some of the following are advantages and disadvantages according to the 2 007 Journal of Drug Issues in English and American Drug Clients (K. Phillips, h. Rosenburg A. Sanikop).Harm Reduction Advantages and DisadvantagesInterventionsAdvantagesDisadvantagesMethadoneReduces/eliminates/stabilizes illicit drug use facilities detox/relives withdrawalMore addictive and worse withdrawal then heroin, Substituting one addiction for another.Substitute Amphetamines cognize potency, Content.Decrease need for street drugs. Crime reductionCould encourage to use more on top and OD Diversion to b neglect markets.Needle rallyingDisease measure, Removes temptation to share or reuse (needles)Disease PreventionLower rates of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and STICommunity harm/inappropriate disposal, Makes it easier to inject.Encourages useDrop in CentersSafer environment NOS, OD prevention/ Prevents harm treatment facilitationEncourages drug use/Risk compensation.Place where drugs can be sold.LofexidineEases pang of withdrawal non-opiate alternativeEncourages deto x/eases withdrawalDoesnt help enough with the withdrawal symptomsDrug has specific side effectsNaltrexoneTemptation resistance go by prevention because use is waste of moneyRelapse Prevention/ helps substance abuser quit, blocks the effects of HeroinCan be used as a weapon, Clients wont take itIn the states, Harm Reduction therapy has a scrape attached to it that some clinical practices and professionals have attached to it, detouring individuals with substance abuse issues to use Harm Reduction. This type of therapy also does not assist with co-occurring dependancies that the individual may have. It tends to focus on the chemic substance that the individual is addicted to and not the cause of the dependancy. It does not allow for the individual to isolate and get to the idea of the problem, however, it does save money in the medical and prison systems. The needle exchange, was started after(prenominal) the out break of HIV and AIDS and the number of individuals who were diagno sed with HIV and AIDS has at rest(p) down since the needle exchange was influenced. As well as the number of individuals who are in prison for substance abuse has gone down because there are treatment programs that include methamphetamine hydrochlorideadone that can help the individual come off their addiction to an opiate.5 pts crapulence has been described as a bio-psycho-social dis narrate. If you were performing an sagaciousness of a suspect what factors would you look for in the client narration?Bio-psycho-social is broken down into the followingBiological Addiction is addiction that runs in the families and there maybe hereditary involved in the process of addictions, but some of the individuals have a biological predisposition to addictionPsychological Addiction That addiction is a learned behavior. This can include, domestic violence and learning how to use a drug. One becomes obsessed by the PLEASURE that the substance can provide. tender Aspect Environments that indiv iduals grow up in and that environment may reenforce addictive behaviors.It is these concepts that create the bio-psycho-social theory, it is an idea that is steeped in the theory of person in environment. It takes in account the individuals biota, psychological health and social wellbeing and support to fully witness the root of the persons addiction. According to the Handbook of Forensic Mental Health ( D. springer spaniel A. Roberts 2007 p. 350-352) the following are questions and information that you have to stack up in nine to be able to fully complete an assessmentPresenting Problems Record current problems as reported by the youth, family, referral source and any pertinent others, Include the history and development of the problem, circumstances surrounding the problem and the previous attempts to solve the problem. Development (birth to current age) describe prenatal care, birth, achievements of developmental milestones, delays and birth defects.Family Background descr ibe the family constellation, family functioning and communication. Include socioeconomic, educational and occupational information. Describe family childrearing and parenting tactics.Academic History Describe previous diagnoses and the history of psychological problems and services. Include medication history and any history of self-injurious behaviors and or self-annihilation attempts.Psychological History Describe previous diagnoses and the history of psychological problems and services include medication history and any history of self-injurious behaviors and or self-annihilation attempts.Substance malignment History Describe the youths use and abuse of all substances include the length, method, and location of use and the families history of substance use.Juvenile rightness or Legal History Describe previous encounters with the juvenile referee system and the history of illegal behaviors and status disrespect. include timeline, type, and circumstances of offense as well a s the family history of legal problems.Violence and Abuse History Detail psychological, verbal, physical, and sexual abuse of the youth and include a timeline. differentiate perpetrators and describe whether the abuse occurred in or outside of the family. Describe any family or dating violence that the youth perpetrated. include any other traumas that the youth was exposed to.medical History Describe the history of medical conditions diseases and medication of youth Include the family history.Cultural History Identify the ethnicity and rase of the youth and family include any issues noted regarding bicultural identity, immigration status, diction barriers, acculturation and discrimination.Lethality Clearly identify any concerns with lethality of the youth either towards him or herself or others and describe the plan for addressing this lethality.Bio-psycho-social is a holistic approach when dealing with an individuals addictive behavior. It is based on a continuum approach, that i s supported by a since of empowerment. It allows the individual to understand wherefore they many have started to be addicted to a substance that is plaguing them, and gives them the tools that is needed to understand their addiction and how to prevent themselves from relapsing.5 ptsHistorically, a number of theories or lays of intoxicantic drinkism have evolved. What are these manakins and what is their relevancy for today?These baffles give a guideline and help create an grounds in why people become addicted to specific substances. These models lay from biological reasoning to environmental, but they are all linked in trying to discover why people become addicted to substances they all strive to create a public understanding of addiction. They do not try to make excuses for those who are addicted, but they try to understand why addiction occurs.Theoretical pretenses of Alcohol/Drug AbuseFrom the Concepts of Chemical dependency by H. DoweikoMoral dumbfoundTemperance Mode lSpiritual ModelDispositional Disease ModelCore ElementThe individual is viewed as choosing to use alcohol in problematic mannerThis model advocates the use of alcohol in moderate mannerDrunkenness is a sight that the individual has slipped from his or her intended path in life.The person who becomes addicted to alcohol is somehow different from the nonalcoholic. The alcoholic might be said to allergic to alcoholEducational ModelCharacterological ModelGeneral Systems ModelMedical ModelCore ElementAlcohol problems are caused by a lack of adequate knowledge about harmful effects of this chemicalProblems with alcohol use are based on abnormalities in the spirit structure of the individualPersonal behavior must be viewed deep down context of social system in which they liveThe individual use of alcohol is based on biological predispositions such as his or her genetic heritage brain physiology and so on.(Harold Doweiko. 2009. pp. 30)The models that have the most relevancy for today h as to be the medical model and the general systems model. Because by flavor at the person in a holistic way we can understand that the individual is affect by addiction in three ways biologically, psychologically, and socially and those two theories envelop those ideals. I think that when you understand the individuals biological and social characteristics, you will understand there addiction.5 ptsIn describing the neurobiology of addiction, the term neuroplasticity is used to describe what brain process?Neuroplasticity is when the brain is change due to chemicals, and it is forced to change in order to adapt to the chemical. When the chemical has been removed from the individual withdrawal starts to occur, because the brain has a difficult time functioning without the substance it has been forced to adapt to. Because the brain is good at making adjustments the body is capable of adapting to the toxic chemical, and the body learns how to function with the additive. Without the che mical the body has to alter itself to relearn how to function without the chemical.5 ptsDr. Eugene Prochaska has developed a treatment approach based on Stages of Change. What is the thinking behind this model and how it is used in treating substance abusers?The purpose of this model is to understand how the cognitive and behavioral approaches affect the individual who is addicted to chemicals. According to Porchaska the, Purpose (of) the transtheoretical model (TTM) of health behavior seeks to bridge the cognitive and the behaviorist approaches by positing a series of stages in modifying behavior in only some of these are cognitive processes pertinent and The model includes four main constructs the sequential stages of change processes which people typically use to facilitate change decisional balance, which predicts whether change will occur and self- efficacy, the persons confidence they can make changes (Prochaska. 1985. pp. 1).Stages of ChangeStages of Change and the Transtheor etical Model By E. ProchaskaStagesDescriptionPre-contemplationThe person has no intent in changing the behavior, usually within the next six months. This maybe due to lack of information or confidence. The person is unmotivated and will resist discussing or thinking about making the change. They are not mend for interventions. reflectionThe person expresses and intention to take action within six months. They are aware of the benefits and cost of making the change and this balance may keep them in the phase for a long time. They are not ready for an intervention that expects immediate action.PreparationThe person intends to take action in the immediate future. They typically have a plan of action and they have taken some preparatory action. They are ready for traditional action interventionsActionThe person has specific changes to their lifestyleMaintenanceThe person whole kit and boodle to prevent relapse during this phase their confidence increases as they continue with their to nic lifestyle.TerminationIn principle the maintenance stage will lead to a phase in which the person is no longer tempted to chase away to their former behavior and the change is complete.This model suggest that in order to over come an addiction you have to go though a linear model. I do not think that the individual with the substance abuse has to go though all these steps in order to kick the habit. I also believe that this model places all the rap on the individual because it does not take into account the individual biology and or the environment that the individual is surrounded by. The thinking behind this model is that these are the stages that an individual who has a substance abuse dependency must go though in order to become clean and if they are able to follow this model they will finally be able to kick the habit.5 ptsHow is crystal meth different from other stimulants such as cocaine? What are some of the long-term effects associated with meth use?According to the Pow erpoint provided by the Department of Health and Human run (SHMHSA) the differences between methamphetamine and cocaine areCocaine effects 1 to 2 hours.Methamphetamine effects 8 to 12 hours.More acuate rush or initial enjoyment (I would add.)Withdrawal from methamphetamine can cause more intense symptoms and last longer.The Long term psychological effects of using meth areConfusionLoss of ability to concentrate and organize informationLoss of ability to feel pleasure without the drugParanoiaInsomnia and fatigueMood swingsIrritability and angerDepression solicitude and panic disorderReckless, unprotected sexual behaviorThe more collapse psychological effects can includeHallucinations demolishe depression that can lead to suicidal thoughts or attemptsEpisodes of sudden, violent behaviorSevere holding evil that may be permanentThe chronic physical effects areTremorWeaknessDry mouthWeight loss/malnutritionIncreased sweatingOily skinSoresHeadachesSevere problems with teeth and gums Sever PhysicalSeizuresdiscredited blood vessels in the brain/strokeDamaged brain cellsIrregular heartbeat/sudden deathHeart fall upon or chronic heart problemsKidney failureLiver failureTweakinginfected skin sores5 ptsCitationsDepartment of Health and Human Services. SHMHSA.(Year unknown) Session 4 methamphetamine and cocaine, TCRIM 361 Summer 2010. University of Washington Tacoma.Doweiko, H. (2009). Concepts of chemical dependency psychological models of substance use disorders. Brooks/cole cengage learning. Belmont CA. ISB 13-978-049550580-8Erickson, Carlton K. and Wilcox, Richard E.(2001) Neurobiological causes of addiction, journal of social work practice in the addictions, 1 3, 7 22DOI 10.1300/J160v01n03_02 uniform resource locator http//dx.doi.org/10.1300/J160v01n03_02Phillips, K., Rosenberg, H., Sanikop, A. (2007). English and american drug clients view of the acceptably, advantages and disadvantages of treatment and harm reduction interventions. Journal of Drug issues, 37(2), 377-402. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.Prochaska, J. (1985). Stages of change and the transtheoretical model.Springer W., Roberts A., (2007) Handbook of forensic mental health with victims and offenders assessment, treatment, and research. Springer Series on Social Work. New York. ISBN 0826115144Wright. J. (2010, Aug. 8). Personal communication. University of Washington.